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1960 | 1961 | 1962 | 1963 | 1964 | 1965 | 1966 | 1967 | 1968 | 1969
1970 | 1971 | 1972 | 1973 | 1974 | 1975 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 |
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| Master Timeline |
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| YEAR |
DAY |
EVENT |
SUMMARY |
1948 |
November 11 |
Knott's Berry Farm racial discrimination suit |
Six individuals filed suit with the Orange County Superior Court claiming they were denied service at Knott's based on race. "Knott's Farm Suit Charges Bias: Seek Injunction, in Knott's Farm Suit," Los Angeles Sentinel. |
1952 |
January 5 |
Rural Orange County dedicated to agriculture. |
Half a million acres, which was 76% of the county, were dedicated to farming. "Farm Acreage Predominates in Orange County," Los Angeles Times |
1955 |
October 10 |
The Bracero Program in Orange County. |
Since the beginning of the Bracero Program in 1943, over one million Mexican workers were used in California agriculture. In Orange County, approximately 45,000 workers aided in its farming. Workers lived in isolated buildings and were contractually allowed to work in the US for a period ranging from six weeks to six months. There were Bracero sites across Orange County including Orange and Fullerton. "Braceros Build Goodwill Between U.S. and Mexico," Los Angeles Times. |
1956 |
February 11 |
Santa Ana Police Officers involved in burglaries. |
Police Chief Edward F. Allen announced the suspension/resignation of four officers involved in a series of burglaries. Six to eight others were previously dismissed/resigned, and Allen criticized fellow officers for protecting the guilty parties. Most of the burglaries occurred from 1947 to 1952, only slowing down after a similar police burglary case in Newport Beach. According to Allen, the accused officers "took much of the loot home in police cars, sometimes in such quantity 'that it stuck out the windows.'" Fifteen stores were identified as having been burglarized. "Santa Ana Police Hit by Scandal," Los Angeles Times. |
1956 |
March 13 |
Former Santa Ana Police Officer Shoots ex-wife and mother in law. |
Twenty-seven-year-old former Santa Ana policeman surrendered on March 12 after he shot his divorced wife and her mother. Hayes gained entrance into his former MIL's home after claiming to need to collect personal belongings. He shot his former MIL three times with a revolver, wounding her in the neck, abdomen, and right arm. He broke down the bathroom door and shot his 22-year-old ex-wife in the side. Then, he telephoned the police to surrender. His ex-MIL was in critical condition and ex-wife was in serious condition. Hayes was booked at Orange County Jail on suspicion of assault with intent to commit murder. He was a former patrolman who was "permitted" to resign in 1952. He had a reputation for being "gun happy" and was involved in two shooting incidents while on duty. After resigning, he was arrested for carrying a gun in Newport Beach. The gun involved in shooting was said to have been purchased from a former SAPD police sergeant. "Former Wife and Her Mother Shot," Los Angeles Times |
| 1957 |
June 16 |
Bringing Mexican Food to Orange County. |
Local housewives could integrate Mexican dishes into their own cooking. Braceros were happy and what they ate. There were 15 dining halls across the county including ones in Fullerton. "Bracero Dishes Add Spice to Your Menu," Los Angeles Times. |
| 1957 |
July 25 |
Calypso Music in Santa Ana. |
Calypso Mac and his Calypsonians were scheduled to play at Le Dean's "nightery" in Santa Ana for a month-long engagement. Calypso Mac appeared in motion pictures, including Affair in Trinidad. "Calypso Mac at Santa Ana Spot," Los Angeles Sentinel |
| 1957 |
October 20 |
Report given to NAACP by Senator Murdy |
State Senator John Murdy presented a legislative report to the Orange County Chapter of the NAACP at 8 PM at the Johnson Chapel at the AME Church at 210 N. Bristol Street. Taft Fox presided over the meeting. "Sen. Murdy to Report to NAACP Chapter," Los Angeles Times |
| 1957 |
December 8 |
Decorated Marine pilot resumes studies at Santa Ana College. |
Frank Peterson returned to Santa Ana College to resume his math studies after having left in 1951 to join the Marine Corps where he became the first "Negro" commissioned pilot. Peterson flew 64 combat missions in Korea. In addition to earning the Distinguished Flying Cross, Peterson witnessed history. During the Montgomery Bus Boycott, "the weather set in and forced me to land somewhere," and that ended up being the Montgomery Municipal Airport. "The look on the faces of the National Guardsmen there were undescribable." Peterson also laughed at the reception he received upon landing at El Toro Marine Base when he started his next tour. "The minute I got to the gate they were ready to arrest me for impersonating a pilot. When the apologies were coming around that same look appeared on their faces as those of the Guardsmen." "First Negro Commissioned Marine Pilot Returns to Studies at SAC," Los Angeles Times. |
| 1958 |
July 3 |
Murder at NAACP dance |
Twenty-one-year-old Levi Curry was stabbed to death at a dance sponsored by the NAACP at the Santa Ana Civic Auditorium. "Marine Dies in Santa Ana Dance Riot," Los Angeles Times. |
1958 |
August 10 |
Fear of Mafia in Orange County |
Author suggested that Orange County was "threatened with invasion as its growth and industrial development make it a more fertile field for racketeers." Police Chief Edward J. Allen, who was described as having experience "fighting the mafia" during his time as Chief of Police in Youngstown, Ohio, issued warning. The mafia was described as "a power of evil second only to Communism." "The Mafia Menace: Growing With County," Los Angeles Times. |
1958 |
August 17 |
How to stop the mafia. |
Police Chief Edward J. Allen claimed that the only hope to stop the mafia "is education and incorruptibility of public officials." Since Allen's arrival, Santa Ana's crime rate dropped 2% on the basis of population, with a numerical increase of 3.7% despite a 13.5% population increase. This countered larger national trends, where crime outstripped the population 4 to 1, with a numerical crime increase of 21%. "Mafia Menace: It Can be Stopped by Alertness, Incorruptibility," Los Angeles Times. |
1959 |
August 6 |
Santa Ana police to be investigated. |
A three-person councilman committee was formed to investigate whether the SAPD carried out the council's policies. The policies being investigated included personnel (specifically why there was no Assistant Chief of Police and whether officers could hold other part-time jobs outside the department), uniforms (wearing of summer shirts), and reported opening and reading of officers' private mail at the station. "Santa Ana Police to Undergo Investigation," Los Angeles Times. |
1959 |
September 8 |
Police officer injured during riot. |
50 men brutally beat an officer using fists, rocks, and the officer's own weapon. Police from Santa Ana, Garden Grove and Anaheim, Orange County Sheriff's deputies, California Highway Patrolmen and the Shore Patrol were called in before the riot was calmed."50 Men Beat Officer in Wild Battle; Boy Shot: Two Santa Ana Policemen...," Los Angeles Times. |
1959 |
September 8 |
Teenager arrested for participating in riot. |
Gilbert R. Fernandez (20) of 825 N. Artesia Street and Raymond F. Chavez (19) of 608 N. Artesia Street were arrested in conjunction with the September 7 riot where two policemen were attacked after responding to a disturbance call of a loud radio. Officers Helson and Woolery indicated that when they attempted to arrest Henry Roa (19) of 2137 W. 7th Street, a crowd of men emerged from the house and beat the officers. Officer Helson was severely beaten and shot Roa in the stomach. Both were hospitalized. Roa, Fernandez, and Chavez were arrested on suspicion of violating California's "lynch law" and assault with a deadly weapon. "Two More Youths Held in Santa Ana Riot Case," Los Angeles Times. |
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| 1960 |
January 4 |
Human relations conference attended by faculty and students. |
The Los Angeles County Commission on Human Relations sponsored the sixth annual Conference on Human Relations held at Zuma Beach. Orange County State College (now CSUF) was represented by Lawrence de Graaf. The conference was attended by 70 Orange County students and dealt with themes including improving relations between racial, cultural, and religious groups. The event included workshops which "studied discrimination and prejudice in the areas of housing employment, education, and social relations." De Graaf set up different meetings in Fullerton where residents and students could attend to learn about these issues. "Students, Faculty Attend 'Human Relations' Confab," The Daily Titan. |
1960 |
January 25 |
Fight breaks out between officers and partying youth in Santa Ana. |
Five adults and four juveniles were jailed and three police officers had minor injuries (they were kicked and did not require hospitalization) after a "streetcorner battle" between 30 officers and 500 people. The melee resulted from an emergency assistance call put out by SAPD when officers could not break up numerous street fights and "drinking parties" that occurred within a three-block radius of a wedding dance. Highway Patrol, Orange County Sheriff's Office, Garden Grove, Anaheim, Costa Mesa, and Orange PD officers responded to disperse the mob. "9 Seized After Police Battle 500 in Santa Ana," Los Angeles Times. |
| 1960 |
March 28 |
Meeting over Civil Rights sit-ins |
Students met with Mr. De Graaf to discuss "the present 'sit-ins' by Negroes in southern restaurants. Comments and opinions were exchanged on the causes of restaurant segregation and the nation as a whole." "Human Relations Group Meet," The Daily Titan. |
1960 |
September 11 |
Santa Ana Police Department gets new facilities. |
SAPD was scheduled to move into its new facilities-- a 25,000 square foot, $487,800 structure-- on October 1. Designed by architects Neutra and Alexander of Los Angeles and Ramberg and Lowrey of Santa Ana, it was five times bigger than the original space and was paid for by the city's general funds. "Police to Occupy Facility Oct. 1," Los Angeles Times. |
| 1960 |
October 10 |
Disenrolled sit-in student welcomed |
In response to the case of a student who was disenrolled from another college after it was discovered he participated in the sit-in movement, President of CSUF Dr. Langsdorf stated, "If he was dismissed only because of his participation in a sit-in strike, we would accept him." "Sit-in Strikers Here?," The Daily Titan. |
1960 |
November 17 |
Operations begin at new SAPD facility |
Police were to officially operate from the new facility on Saturday at 4:30 PM, when the phones would be switched over and the first shift of officers would work out of the new building. The new building had "a rock facing on part of the concrete structure and gold aluminum trim and louvers features..." with a "...northern end designed with space to be extended if needed." Chief Allen authorized department strength of 151 total: 117 officers and 34 clerical workers. "Santa Ana Police to Occupy New Building," Los Angeles Times. |
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| 1961 |
February 5 |
End of Bracero program spells danger for OC. |
Farm officials and the state Department of Employment claimed that discontinuing the Bracero Program would cripple Orange County agriculture. Without the thousands of Braceros who came to Orange County in the past 17 years, crops would have rotted as labor was not available. If Congress ruled to not renew, this would cause problems for the Orange County citrus industry as it depended on the Bracero Program. It was proclaimed as a good deal for Mexican workers as they only had to pay $12.15 a week for board and whatever personal supplies they needed. "Farmers See Peril if Bracero Program Ends," Los Angeles Times. |
| 1961 |
July 1 |
Damage suit flied over race-based housing discrimination. |
A $100,000 damage suit was filed in the Orange County Superior Court where the Santa Ana Board of Realtors, Craig Development Co., Meredith Construction Company, and Mrs. Esau Smith were named as defendants. Dr. Vincent Mark, who had his attorney David R. Cadwell file the suit, said that while no one ever said anything racist to him personally, a friend told him that a sales representative claimed selling to a "Negro would be a 'problem.'" The suit was filed as an attempt to "break the barrier" that prevented minority groups from buying decent housing in Orange County. "Denied House, Negro Doctor Charges in Suit," Los Angeles Times. |
1961 |
August 6 |
Decision on suspended county finance director delayed. |
The Orange County Board of Supervisors ruled that suspended county finance director, Esker Otto (Larry) Oxley, won't be discharged or rehired until the final court decision regarding his recent misdemeanor morals charge conviction. He was set to be sentenced on August 11 by Judge Max Eliason. Oxley was suspended shortly after his arrest in April by an SAPD vice squad officer. "Board Delays Action on Suspended Officer," Los Angeles Times. |
1961 |
October 1 |
Police chief bemoans public apathy towards violence against officers. |
Police Chief Edward J. Allen was dismayed at the public's apathy over the attacks on police officers in the month prior. There were three attacks. The most recent involved a crowd that attacked a police officer in order to free an arrested drunk driver from the patrol car. Another involved a drunk driver who assaulted an officer, and the third was the wedding melee at the American Legion Hall. Allen bemoaned, "Physical attacks against police officers, the community's protectors, are increasing here as well as elsewhere in the nation. What is equally alarming is that the community at large seems to be unconcerned, or at least unaware of the dire significance of such attacks. When physical attacks against police officers no longer arouse the community to concern, we are nearing a dangerous state of licentiousness." "Public Apathy Draws Censure from Police Chief," Los Angeles Times. |
| 1961 |
November 6 |
Basketball player Jim Hatchett profiled in The Daily Titan |
Black basketball player and sophomore Jim Hatchett was also a veteran. "Interior design is one of Jim's interests and he enjoys a quiet game of chess as well as a close ball game. OCS theatre goers will see Jim in action when he plays roles in two of the productions being presented on November 16, 17 and 18." "Titan Profiles," The Daily Titan. |
| 1961 |
December 11 |
Anti-communist film screened on campus. |
Operation Abolition was shown on December 12 and was sponsored by the men's service group, the Oracles. The film was about "the occurrences that took place in San Francisco at the House Un-American Activities Committee.” "'Riot' Film Showing Set for Tuesday," The Daily Titan. |
| 1961 |
December 31 |
Resorting Laws and moral decay in Orange County. |
The Supreme Court ruled that the difference in resorting laws between Santa Ana and LA invalidated LA ordinance and would not impact SAPD activity. SAPD Chief Edward J. Allen believed that the ruling took "another step toward the moral decay of the country" and preferred a more stringent resorting law of LA. "Resorting Still Illegal, Santa Ana Police Rule," Los Angeles Times. |
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| 1962 |
February 26 |
Pickets denounced by OCSC professor |
While giving a speech at the first talk sponsored by the Orange County Chapter of the American Association for the United Nations "and women's organizations," OCSC professor Lee R. Kerschner was picketed. The event was held in Santa Ana at the Orange County Title Company auditorium at Main St. and 5th. Those picketing were described as students from the Orange County area who were organized. They also carried signs that appeared to be commercially produced with messages like "UN Wanted for Murder." Kerschner summed up his observations of the protestors, "The participants in the group seemed to equate any discussion or emphasis on study of the U.N. with some form of anti-American attitude. I guess that means I've been accepted in Orange County." "OCSC Faculty Member Says ‘Pickets Ignorant'," The Daily Titan. |
| 1962 |
April 9 |
New interim president of Elephant Racing Club named. |
"Everett Moore, founder of the Elephant Racing Club, is served by one of his members. Moore will act as temporary Bapu Mahout (president) until official elections can be held." "Temporary Bapu Mahout," The Daily Titan. |
| 1962 |
May 15 |
Oral Interpretation club explores Negro culture. |
"’Is the soul of the Negro shallow and superficial?’ Beginning with this question the members of the Oral Interpretation Club explored the contribution of Negro Culture to American heritage in a recent program." "Negro Culture Program," The Daily Titan. |
| 1962 |
May 28 |
Increased tolerance called for in California |
As California grew in population, minority groups and white Californians needed to prepare for diversity and become tolerant of other groups. "Racial Pressure Rises," The Daily Titan. |
| 1962 |
October 15 |
OSC Student frank about school integration. |
OSC student Kelorah Franklin, from British Honduras, stated, "When a colored person tries to enter a school that has not been formerly integrated, there is bound to be unrest and trouble. I think it's the wrong kind of irritation to use; it solves no problems. Maybe Meredith is brave, but not me...I don't want to get shot!" "Negro Speaks, 'If OSC were like Ol' Miss, I would have Left,' Franklin," The Daily Titan. |
| 1962 |
October 29 |
Warning about the potential lure of Black Muslims |
De Graaf warned that unless the U.S. extended its rights to the "Negro," then they may turn to this "fanatical" group, Muslims. De Graaf's dissertation was entitled "Negro Migration to Los Angeles, 1930-1950." De Graaf warned that unless the U.S. extended its rights to the "Negro," then they may turn to this "fanatical" group, Muslims. De Graaf's dissertation was entitled "Negro Migration to Los Angeles, 1930-1950," The Daily Titan. |
| 1962 |
nd. |
Disneyland added to Green Book. |
New York Press Digital Archives. |
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| 1963 |
March 18 |
Lack of John Birch Society materials in campus library. |
Ernest Toy discovered there was no material on the John Birch Society in the library and planned to plant some in the stacks. "Toy Answers John Birchers," The Daily Titan. |
| 1963 |
May 27 |
"Let it Be Known Day" Organized. |
Senior philosophy student John Flowers organized "Let It Be Known Day" to support the non-violent integration of the South, specifically Alabama. Working with 28 others including students and faculty members, Flowers organized a signature and fund gathering effort. "Seventy dollars and more than 200 signatures were gathered by mid-afternoon, according to Flowers. Monies and signatures gathered will be sent to Reverend Martin Luther King Jr." Flowers elaborated, "I believe there are more racial problems in Southern California and other areas than we're willing to admit. Not just with the Negro, but with other minority groups in our area. I do not like it." "Funds Collected for Peaceful Integration," The Daily Titan. |
| 1963 |
June 2 |
Couple sues Santa Ana landlords for race-based housing discrimination. |
Three Santa Ana landlords were charged with discrimination for refusing to rent an apartment to a Black mailman. Lincoln Mulkey filed the suit with his wife Dorothy. The couple was forced to live with Mulkey's mother because they could not find a suitable apartment whose owner would rent to them. They believed they were denied because they were Black. Earlier that year, a similar suit proved successful when Master Sergeant Marine Ray Hawkins and his wife filed suit against a property owner and won. "Race Prejudice Basis for Suit Over Housing," Los Angeles Times. |
| 1963 |
June 6 |
Impacts of the end of the Bracero program. |
Yoshiki Yoshida, manager of the Orange County Vegetable Growers, Inc. in Santa Ana, remarked, "Without the bracero program, the Orange County farmer can't stay in business. Those who do stay in business probably would use as much as they can get, perhaps some wetbacks and change to crops like lima beans." Orange County used 3,500 Bracero workers during peak seasons and 500 the rest of the year. "Bracero Ruling Worries County, Crop Shifts, Higher Prices, Less Farming Seen as Result," Los Angeles Times. |
| 1963 |
June 27 |
NAACP selects Santa Ana for civil rights program. |
The NAACP selected Santa Ana to launch a five-point civil rights program. "Civil Rights Drive Slated in Santa Ana," Los Angeles Times. |
| 1963 |
June 27 |
Bracero program alternatives |
When the US government phased out the Bracero Program at the end of 1963, Orange County farmers sought new forms of labor. "Bracero Replacements Pondered," Los Angeles Times. |
1963 |
July 11 |
NAACP challenges claims of no discrimination in hiring practices. |
After members of the NAACP were told there was no discrimination in hiring by Santa Ana or California for government positions, the organization began compiling data to challenge the assumption. Ten percent of the employees with government jobs were non-white. "James Rez, city personnel director, said his figure was only an 'educated guess' however since the city discontinued recording racial statistics in 1947." "Negroes Compiling Bias Data," Los Angeles Times. |
1963 |
August 15 |
Creation of Santa Ana human relations committee requested by NAACP. |
Santa Ana councilmen believed that race relations activity in the city should be the purview of volunteer groups and not any group officially sponsored by the city. This decision took a report and resolutions submitted by the Orange County branch of the NAACP. The NAACP branch asked the council to create a human relations commission to study various race problems in the city. "Volunteer Rights Units Gets Council Support," Los Angeles Times. |
1963 |
August 16 |
La Habra Chamber of Commerce discusses racial diversity. |
The La Habra Area Chamber of Commerce discussed "racial problems" and the formation of the NAACP in Santa Ana. Ran Rankin of La Habra Heights, who represented the 34th District in the CA Congress, was appointed the head of the Orange County Equal Opportunities Committee of the CRA. Rankin warned, "We have embarked voluntarily and without fanfare and publicity on a program designed to aid and not exploit the Negro people at the community level. We recognize that the Negro people, just as many other minorities, have suffered at the hands of certain elements of American society. But we realize full well that these wrongs cannot be righted by destroying the foundations of a free constitutional society, which is indeed the only basis upon which a joint and lasting solution of their problems is possible." "Volunteer Rights Units Gets Council Support," La Habra Star. |
| 1963 |
August 25 |
NAACP speaks to Orange County Press club on the problems of Blacks in OC. |
The problems facing the Orange County Blacks, the reasons why and the possible solutions would be aired before members of the Orange County Press Club at Santa Ana, Thursday, August 26, by leaders of the county’s NAACP chapter. Everette Winters, president, and Wyatt Frieson, vice president, both of whom were engineers with North American Autonetics in Anaheim, were to be the featured guests at the meeting scheduled for 8 PM in the Galaxy Restaurant, at 10th Street and Broadway. The two leaders were to air job and housing discrimination practices existing in the county and would discuss what was being done about them as well as Blacks in the area. Truman Myers, club president, said the meeting was particularly timely for newsmen in view of the recent riots in South Los Angeles, reportedly touched off by long-standing grievances between Blacks and white authorities. The meeting would also include results of balloting on new club bylaws and constitution, according to Myers. "NAACP Execs Face Press on Thursday," Los Angeles Times. |
| 1963 |
September 1 |
Long Beach State College sororities banned for discriminatory membership restrictions. |
Six of the eight sororities at Long Beach State College were suspended on charges that they attempted to bypass a law banning student groups that restricted membership along racial or religious lines. The six sororities attempted to move rushing from the campus to an office they rented off-campus. "Six Sororities Given Suspension in Bias Row," Los Angeles Times |
| 1963 |
October 29 |
Muslim literature banned on campuses. |
The unexpected visits by representatives of the Black Muslims caused officials to prohibit the distribution of unauthorized material on Orange County college campuses, even though their visits ended without incident. While Orange Coast College had yet to be paid a visit, Vice President Norman Watson promised they would give similar treatment to unauthorized personnel. Ray Jonson, assistant to the president at Orange State College, said that permission for distribution had to be obtained ahead of time from the public relations office, which had not happened. "Orange County: Area Colleges Ban Muslim Literature," Los Angeles Times. |
| 1963 |
October 30 |
New rules for Muslim literature. |
Black Muslims needed to follow two sets of rules (state college codes and junior college codes) when they attempted to distribute literature at Orange State College in Fullerton and Santa Ana College. Authorities at schools in Orange County have "indicated unauthorized personnel and unauthorized distribution of materials will not be allowed." However, state colleges could not deny permission for the distribution of literature as long as it did not cause campus litter, did not occur in hallways, and did not cause violence. "Muslims Must Obey Rules to Pass Literature," Los Angeles Times. |
| 1963 |
November 4 |
Muslim organization receives permission to sell newspaper on campus. |
After receiving permission from the Dean of Students, three representatives from the Muslim organization began selling a newspaper on campus. "Muslim Newspaper 'Muhammad Speaks' Hawked on Campus," The Daily Titan." |
1963 |
November 17 |
Santa Ana Police Chief presents on Mafia. |
SAPD Chief Edward Allen was scheduled to give a presentation to the press club. He published a book, Merchants of Menace - The Mafia, which helped him gain a nationwide reputation for his fight against organized crime. Allen appeared before numerous congressional committees. "Police Chief to Tell Press About 'Cosa Nostra'," Los Angeles Times. |
| 1963 |
November 18 |
Sigma Phi Omega potentially pranked with burning animal carcass. |
Sigma Phi Omega reported finding a burning animal carcass among old tires on their front lawn. "It has not yet been established if this was vandalism or the work of pranksters,” said Chief of Police Wayne Bornhoft. No arrests were made at the time. "Police Investigate Prank, Burglary," The Daily Titan. |
1963 |
November 24 |
Temple Beth Sholom Brotherhood hosts forum series. |
Temple Beth Sholom in Tustin was to host a discussion entitled "Judaism and the Racial Revolution," as part of a forum series hosted by the Temple Brotherhood. In the weeks after, SAPD Chief Edward Allen was to speak on "Cosa Nostra and Syndicated Crime" and Israeli reporter Tom Tuggend was to speak on "Israel Faces the Future." "Racial Revolution Will Be Discussed," Los Angeles Times. |
| 1963 |
November 26 |
Sigma Phi on probation for "prank." |
Sigma pledges confessed to the prank and the fraternity was put on probation for a semester because of the potential fire hazard. "Vandalism Case Closed by the Dean," The Daily Titan. |
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| 1964 |
February 4 |
Minorites in Orange County have higher rates of joblessness. |
Odessa Dubinsky, analyst for the state Department of Employment, noted that Orange County was tracking minorities' jobless rates for the first time and that the data would be made available at a conference sponsored by Chapman College and Orange State on February 12. According to Dubinsky, of the approximately one million Orange County residents, "884,700 were 'white'; 72,500 had 'Spanish surnames'; 4,400 were Negro; and 9,300 were 'other non-white.'" Minority groups made up almost 8.8% of the total population. "One marked characteristic shown by the department statistics is that Orange County has disproportionately a smaller minority population than the state as a whole." "Minorities Lead Jobless in County," Los Angeles Times. |
| 1964 |
February 10 |
Mistaken identity. |
A woman called police after watching a horror film on TV and reported seeing an animal in her backyard with "the body of a dog, and square head with no eyes or mouth." Police found the subject of the woman's complaint-- a cracker box that her dog was hiding under. "Monster Was Smaller Than a Nightmare," Los Angeles Times. |
1964 |
February 10 |
Santa Ana Police Department one of highest paid in the world. |
SAPD became one of the highest salaried in the world after the inauguration of a policy that added prestige and a salary bracket which allowed for patrolmen to earn as much as $8,160. The city also bought uniforms, paid for overtime and court time, and compensated for college course tuition (an Associate of Arts in police science gave them a $30 pay bump). Senior officers were to be recognized by a torch emblem on their sleeve. "Santa Ana's Officers Among Highest-Paid," Los Angeles Times. |
| 1964 |
March 9 |
Students attend human relations conference. |
Professor de Graaf arranged for students to attend a human relations conference in Pomona. "Student Hear of Equality," The Daily Titan |
| 1964 |
May 25 |
Civil rights opposed by GOP candidate. |
Bob Geier, Assistant to Republican Congressman James Utt, spoke out against the civil rights movement to the campus Young Republicans even though they had "forgotten" to invite him to the meeting. Geier stridently stated, "I will not accept the fact that they don't have the opportunity to go to school in the south. The Negro here is far ahead of the Negro in Africa. There has to be something with their own race to do something about their situation." "GOP Candidate Geier Opposes Proposed Civil Rights Legislature," The Daily Titan. |
| 1964 |
July 16 |
State Assemblyman speaks on Prop 14 and fair housing. |
Black attorney and LA State Assemblyman Mervyn Dymally were scheduled to speak on California fair housing legislation and Prop. 14 to the Orange County NAACP on July 20. "NAACP Will Hear Negro Assemblyman," Los Angeles Times. |
| 1964 |
July 22 |
Orange County judge's sentences deemed too severe. |
Santa Ana Judge David D. French, sent to SF to help reduce the backlog of cases, returned to SA amid controversy over the severity of his sentences. Controversy began when he sentenced Dr. Thomas N. Burnbridge to nine months in jail for participation in a civil rights sit-in. French sentenced him to three months for each count he was found guilty of (trespassing, unlawful assembly, and failure to disperse) instead of three concurrent sentences. Burnbridge appealed and various groups (including the ACLU) condemned the sentence. French claimed he imposed the strict sentence on Burnbridge because he was older and should have known better. French claimed he was just "an Orange County farm boy" sent up to help. "Santa Ana Jurist Quits S.F. Amid Controversy," Los Angeles Times. |
| 1964 |
September 22 |
Supporters of Proposition 14 formalize committee. |
A pro-Prop. 14 Committee was established and named chairmen and what city they serve. “Committee for Prop. 14 Established," Los Angeles Times. |
| 1964 |
September 28 |
Students attend anti-Proposition 14 concert. |
A Hollywood Bowl concert, "Californians Against Prop 14," had headliners performing against Proposition 14. Brothers Paul and Richard Willis enjoyed the concert which featured the Modern Folk Quartet, Joan Baez, Theodore Bikel, and Pete Seeger - among many others - but noted that there were Nazi picketers at the event with signs that said, "Hitler Was Right." "Anti- 14 Concert. 'It Was A Wild Experience' - CSCFers," The Daily Titan. |
| 1964 |
October 5 |
President of Afro-American Society for Goldwater speaks to Young Republican club. |
Tut Hayes, who was president of the Afro-American Society for Goldwater spoke to CSF's Young Republicans. His topic was "Why I am for Goldwater." "Afro-American Speaks to YR's," The Daily Titan. |
1964 |
October 6 |
Former Santa Ana Police captain sues for emotional strain and physical injury. |
Claiming he was subjected to emotional strain and physical attack, former SAPD captain Richard H. Pemberton sued Chief Edward J. Allen for $750,000 in damages. Pemberton, who left the SAPD, claimed he was subjected to undue stress between April 22 and 30, which ended in a claimed assault in Allen's office-- the strain of the incident left him unconscious and he was physically ill throughout the experience. Pemberton was one of four rookie officers who "staged a revolt against what they charged were orders to not touch gambling interests in the city in the early 1950s," which led to the eventual dismissal of the former chief and the employment of Allen. The claim was filed in the Orange County Superior Court after being rejected by the city council. "Ex-Captain Sues Chief for $750K," Los Angeles Times |
1964 |
October 19 |
Campus clubs host political debate. |
The Young Democrats and Young Republicans hosted local candidates with opposing views. "Sparks Fly as Candidates Comment on Birch Society," The Daily Titan. |
1964 |
November 6 |
Santa Ana PD probed for John Birch Society ties. |
City Manager Carl J. Thornton launched an investigation into a group of John Birchers in the SAPD who allegedly engaged in a harassment campaign against Police Chief Allen. Thornton asserted that he believed their actions had nothing to do with the John Birch Society. "Probe of Birch Unit Acts in Police Dept. Set," Los Angeles Times. |
1964 |
November 11 |
Santa Ana Police chief harassed by fellow officers. |
City Manager Carl Thornton ordered a full-scale investigation of efforts by police officers to harass their chief, Edward Allen, in an attempt to wrest control of the police department. Many of the officers involved were members of the John Birch Society (even though attorney Garvin Shallenberger, who was appointed by SA City Council, claimed that the JBS did not authorize the power grab). Harassment tactics included phone calls at three or four in the morning, sending firetrucks to his house in the middle of the night, placing ads in the paper claiming he had a car for sale, and sending cash on delivery flowers to him-- all of which were typical of the JBS. "Something Very Evil is Going On in Santa Ana Police Department," Los Angeles Times. |
1964 |
November 17 |
Patrolman's promotion possibly linked to John Birch Society membership. |
The SAPD was to be investigated for bias in the promotion of Patrolman Bobby Youngblood to sergeant. The article implied Youngblood was not promoted because he is a member of the John Birch Society. "Council to Probe Santa Ana Police," Los Angeles Times. |
1964 |
November 20 |
No investigation of the Santa Ana Police department being made. |
District Attorney Kenneth Williams denied that neither the state Attorney General's Office nor the Orange County District Attorney's Office were investigating the SAPD and were only looking into the propriety of the expenditure of public and private funds in the making of the TV movie, The Story of a Policeman. Williams called reports claiming otherwise "unfortunate misinformation" and that only an attorney hired by the city council was to head an investigation into the SAPD (in addition to the probe by City Manager Carl Thornton exploring the group accused of harassing Chief Allen). Following the announcement of Thornton's investigation, Allen dismissed Capt. Frederick E. Hopper and Lt. Loran Norton. "TV Film Sole Inquiry Topic in Santa Ana," Los Angeles Times. |
1964 |
December 7 |
Editorial blames status of Mexican-Americans on the impoverished and imprisoned. |
Mexican visitor Richard Cattaneo penned an editorial on the status of Mexican-Americans in the U.S. He interviewed another student, Robert Joe Vasquez, who identified as Mexican-American. Vasquez blamed the poor status of Mexican-Americans on those living in poverty and in jails. "Thanks to the Brand 'X' Mexicans, We'll Have to Wear a Black Eye," The Daily Titan. |
1964 |
December 31 |
Peace agreement between members of the Santa Ana PD. |
SAPD Chief Allen and Captain Hopper agreed to get along after issues over John Birch Society members plagued the department. "Chief, Captain Promise Harmony," Los Angeles Times. |
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1965 |
January 21 |
Non-profit "Crime Commission" formed. |
William A. Schmidt led a private non-profit Orange County Crime Commission which tracked local police and government regulatory agencies. District Attorney Kenneth Williams claimed to have been unaware of the organization until he learned about it from the news and was wary of the use of the term "commission." Officials responded with a "wait-and-see" attitude until they learned exactly who would be on the commission and what they would be doing. However, Police Chief Allen (under Sheriff Robert Sharp) and the district attorney all believed that such a commission (as they had in Chicago and Miami) was unnecessary in Orange County. "Private County Crime Commission Formed," Los Angeles Times. |
1965 |
February 15 |
Executive director of Human Relations Commission to speak on campus. |
John Buggs, executive director of the LA County Commission on Human Relations, was to discuss the role of the college in human relations. The commission wanted to promote understanding and "harmony between the various racial, religious, cultural and ethnic groups.” "Human Relations Director to Speak Here Next Week," The Daily Titan. |
1965 |
March 10 |
Founder of the John Birch Society speaks at Santa Ana High School. |
In a national speaking tour, Robert Welch, founder of the John Birch Society, stopped to give a speech in Santa Ana. Welch spoke at Santa Ana High School in the evening and warned "Negroes in southern states" who did not agree with the "Communist plot" (the supposed goal of the Civil Rights Movement) would be "killed and tortured and everything else." "Welch Predicts Negro Torture," Los Angeles Times. |
1965 |
March 11 |
Black population of Orange County estimated at right around 1%. |
Estimates of the Black population in Orange County ranged but did not top 1%, with most having resided in Santa Ana (specifically a region known as Santa Ana's "Negro Area"). "DA Receives Complaints on Muslims," Los Angeles Times. |
1965 |
March 22 |
Students largely in support of civil rights demonstrations. |
When asked about their opinions on the civil rights demonstrations in Los Angeles, nearly all CSUF students expressed agreement with the protests. One student disagreed and stated that the only place it was difficult to be a Black person in the U.S. was in the American South. "Students Speculate on Recent Civil Rights Demonstrations," The Daily Titan. |
1965 |
April 6 |
10-point program introduced in inter-departmental police battle. |
Councilperson Harry Harvey introduced a 10-point program that went into effect at the SAPD in an attempt to avoid a city council showdown over whether Police Chief Allen would be fired. The program called for reconciliation among all parties and pledged that "there will be no attempt to find scapegoats for strife in the PD." Harvey also announced that an edited version of the Bigler report would be forthcoming. "Compromise Reached in Santa Ana Police Row," Los Angeles Times. |
1965 |
April 10 |
Private investigator's report on the Santa Ana Police Department released. |
A report by James C. Bigler, a private investigator hired by the city council to look into the SAPD, was released, criticizing the department's administration and rating morale as very poor. Also included in the report: 23 of the 24 members of the local JBS Chapter QXTZ were members of the SAPD. While they had not interfered with the department's affairs, they used their meetings to discuss actions against Police Chief Allen. Morale was deemed low because the department personnel were "divided into two hostile and warring groups." City Manager Carl Thornton discredited the report entirely due to methodology. "Report on Santa Ana Police Made Public," Los Angeles Times. |
1965 |
April 23 |
City Hall receives bomb threat. |
City Hall evacuated for an hour after receiving four telephoned bomb threats which Police Chief Allen linked to the "defamatory" Bigler report on his running of the police department. The threats were made after it was learned that an anonymous person was mailing out full copies of the report, sending them out to as many as 400 people in unmarked envelopes bearing either a Tustin or Ghost Town at Knotts Berry Farm postmark. All four calls were allegedly made by the same man, but evacuation was delayed because they were dismissed as the same type of prank calls the PD always received. "Bomb Threats Linked to Police Furor Empty Santa Ana City Hall," Los Angeles Times. |
1965 |
May 15 |
Rabbi argues cross-burning should be outlawed. |
Rabbi Bergman of Temple Beth Sholom argued that cross burning should be outlawed at both the state and federal levels and should no longer be viewed as just acts of vandalism or malicious mischief. Four members of his congregation had had crosses burned on their front lawns within the month prior. "State, U.S. Laws on Cross Fires Asked," Los Angeles. |
1965 |
May 17 |
Author Lomax blames American conservatism for racial violence. |
Louis Lomax visited CSUF the week prior and spoke to group of about 300 students at the Little Theatre. The event was organized by history professor Lawrence de Graaf. Lomax, a famous author and media pundit declared, "Where on earth have 55 churches been blown up in the past six months? Not under godless communism but under good old Christian America." "Negro Author Lashes Out at American Conservatism; 'Built on Unreality’," The Daily Titan. |
1965 |
June 7 |
Members of the Congress of Racial Equality arrested for picketing. |
Five members of the Congress of Racial Equality were arrested by SAPD in connection with picketing at a market and were to be arraigned in municipal court. They were part of about 100 picketing the Thriftymart Market, which did not hire Blacks. They were arrested and charged with trespassing and resisting arrest when they went into the store, filled carts, and then refused to purchase the items in their carts. "Five Pickets Arrested," Los Angeles Times. |
1965 |
July 11 |
Santa Ana Police Department's 10-point program is proving successful. |
The 10-point program implemented to resolve dissension within the SAPD was showing successful results-- resolving issues at a quicker rate and more efficiently. The program was negotiated by Vice Mayor Gilmore and councilperson-turned-mayor Harry Harvey with City Manager Carl Thornton as a result of the controversy surrounding the firing of SAPD officers. "10-Point Program Subdues Santa Ana Police Turmoil," Los Angeles Times. |
1965 |
August 9 |
Dance in Los Alamitos breaks out in a riot. |
Victor Contreras (19), Vincent A. Lopez (22), and John Garcia Jr. (19) were arrested on suspicion of rioting, disturbing the peace, and resisting arrest by the police after a 20-minute "riot" ensued at the Los Alamitos American Legion Hall. Officers were called to 3252 Florence Street after reports of a fight shortly after midnight. There, they found a wedding party in progress at the American Legion Hall. As police questioned wedding guests, a fight broke out on the dance floor, which quickly turned into a "fracas." Two hundred people participated in the brawl and at one moment Officer Robert Dean (27) was pinned to the building by about 40 rioters. According to Police Chief Don French, "He was knocked down and was being kicked when several residents of the area attempted to come to his aid, using their own bodies to shield the fallen officer from the mob's fury." A group broke into a police car to free a handcuffed suspect. Sheriff deputies were joined by police from Cypress, Garden Grove, La Palma, Long Beach, Seal Beach, and Westminster; they were pelted with beer bottles at the scene. Officer Dean was taken to Katella Community Hospital. "Police Battle 200 Rioters at Dance in Los Alamitos," Los Angeles Times. |
1965 |
August 23 |
San Clemente police chief remains firm in keeping uniformed officers on beaches. |
San Clemente Police Chief Clifford Murray respectfully declined the proposal by beach preacher Mark Forsythe who asked that uniformed police guards be removed from Orange County beaches because the police were known to antagonize "youngsters." Forsythe had been preaching the gospel from Laguna Beach to Santa Monica but was reminded that he needed uniformed police officers on August 25, 1964, in Seal Beach. Chief Lee S. Case reported, "During Forsythe's preaching 15 youngsters in a crowd of 300 juveniles pitched rocks at Forsythe and burned him with cigarettes while tearing up religious tracts the evangelist attempted to distribute." "Chiefs Dispute Plan for Non-Uniformed Beach Police," Los Angeles Times. |
1965 |
August 25 |
Yorba Linda segregationist attempts to form Orange County chapter of the Citizen's Council. |
Segregationist John Ortman of Yorba Linda sought to create a Citizens' Council in Orange County, affiliated with the Citizens' Council of America. After the "race riots" in Los Angeles, Ortman believed there was a need for it in Orange County. Ortman stated that although recent riots helped create his decision, he had been working on the idea for over a year and that ultimately Anglo American Bishop Pike's (Episcopalian) sermon, which called on "clergy men to go to Alabama and march in human waves against the police lines, 24 hours a day, seven days a week, until the carnage becomes so great that the federal government would have to intervene," is what did it. Ortman was Episcopalian. He stated, "We don't want to hurt the Negro or take anything away from him. We just want to ensure that we retain what is ours morally and legally - particularly the right to a peaceful segregated neighborhood. Few people of either race (black or white) really desire to live in a mixed neighborhood. Racial integration is unnatural, unscriptural, and immoral." "Citizens' Council Organizer Contacting Area Residents," Los Angeles Times. |
1965 |
August 30 |
NAACP representatives speak to the Orange County Press Club. |
Two representatives of the NAACP spoke at the Orange County Press Club meeting in Santa Ana. Speakers included Everette Winters and Wyatt Frieson who noted that it was ironic he was "invited here" as a result of the Watts Riots. The meeting was held at the Galaxy Restaurant and prior to beginning, a representative from the John Birch Society distributed propaganda comparing rates of automobile ownership between Blacks in the United States and Africa, noting that American Blacks had more. "Sen. Murdy to Report to NAACP Chapter," La Habra Star. |
1965 |
August 31 |
Racial tensions in Orange County Predicted to rise if preexisting problems not fixed. |
In a talk before the Orange County Press Club, Everett Winters, Orange County NAACP chapter president, predicted racial tensions in the county might occur if some of the existing problems were not attended to. The Orange County Black population (roughly 1%) would grow as more industry moved into the area, which would make it harder for whites to ignore the problems with housing, economics, and community education that would affect this growing population. However, Winters made it clear that the problem was on both sides (for example, an arrest did not automatically mean police brutality). Orange County NAACP VP Wyatt Frieson stated that the chapter already organized an Equal Opportunities Employment program, which drew 22 manufacturers to Valley High School in SA and had a turnout of 35% Mexican-Americans, 25% Blacks, and 40% whites. The Orange County NAACP had 400 or so members, but the number of those who were active was much smaller. "NAACP Official Predicts Racial Tensions May Increase in County," Los Angeles Times. |
1965 |
September 1 |
Santa Ana Police officer charged with misdemeanor. |
Officer Patrick B. Bonner (32) was charged with a misdemeanor for assaulting Fred Lee Dennis (19, Santa Ana College student) when he took him to jail on November 7 on charges of intoxication. Dennis filed a $250,000 suit that charged false arrest and imprisonment, assault and battery, malicious prosecution, and negligence. Witness George W. Theil gave testimony to grand jury and law enforcement agencies that Dennis was dragged out of the police car and beaten. Charges against Bonner came at grand jury recommendation because "more substantial measures" than a reprimand were required. Of the five charges of police brutality across different municipalities that they investigated, the grand jury deemed Bonner's as the only one requiring further action. However, they emphasized that it was an isolated incidence. Chief Allen had no plans to suspend to Bonner pending the outcome of the case. "Officer Charged With Assaulting Prisoner," Los Angeles Times. |
1965 |
September 3 |
Officer pleads innocent to misdemeanor charge. |
Thirty-two-year-old Patrick B. Bonner pled innocent to the charge by District Attorney Kenneth Williams that he assaulted a teenage prisoner he had escorted to jail. Bonner was charged with assault and battery for allegedly dragging 19-year-old Fred Lee Dennis from the police car while transporting him to jail on a drinking charge, a charge that was dismissed following a mistrial. "Policeman to Stand Trial on Beating Charge," Los Angeles Times. |
1965 |
September 8 |
OC Core asks Santa Ana to establish civilian review board. |
The Orange County Conference of Racial Equality asked the Santa Ana City Council to "establish a civilian review board to investigate charges of police harassment and brutality." "Police Review Board Asked in Santa Ana," Los Angeles Times. |
1965 |
September 10 |
Suspected riot ring-leader arrested. |
Ruben Banuelos of 1219 Cubbon Street was arrested on suspicion of being the ring leader of a riot in which two police officers were beaten up on September 6 at 1:00 AM on the 2100 block of 7th W. Street. "Police Seize Man as Mob Leader: Santa Ana Man Held as Spark of Riot in Which Officers Beaten," Los Angeles Times. |
1965 |
September 28 |
19-year-old's shooting death by officer ruled justifiable homicide. |
District Attorney Kenneth Williams ruled that 19-year-old Santa Ana resident Thomas Aron Baker's shooting death was justifiable homicide. This officially cleared 25-year-old Patrolman Robert Lacey, who was recovering in SA Community Hospital from a beating received from Baker, for any blame in Baker's death. Lacey stopped Baker and 40-year-old Gale A. Dellrocco on a routine traffic check, and when Lacey attempted to put Baker in his patrol car to check his identity, Baker struck him and began to choke him at which point Lacey fired two shots into Baker's chest. Baker died in SA Community Hospital, where an autopsy showed that the bullets struck his heart. "Officer's Killing of Parolee, 19, Called Justified," Los Angeles Times. |
1965 |
October 8 |
Al Cohen starts campus ministry. |
Coming from the United Campus Christian Ministries, Reverend Al Cohen joined CSUF. He was not paid by the college and actually volunteered. His office was in room 118 in Othrys Hall. "Rev. Cohen Begins Campus Ministry," The Daily Titan. |
1965 |
October 12 |
Muslims given permission to distribute publication on campus. |
CSUF business manager Jack Lyons gave the group permission to distribute the newspaper. "'Muhammad Speaks' Sold on Campus -- With Permit," The Daily Titan. |
1965 |
October 22 |
Student club petitions approved. |
Senators approved petitions for school clubs including Students for a Democratic Society, the American Civil Liberties Union, the Press Club, and the Campus Crusade for Christ. "SDS, ACLU, Campus Crusade Club Petitions OK'd by Senate," The Daily Titan. |
1965 |
October 26 |
Margaret Thorpe discusses SDS. |
Margaret Thorpe discussed the Students for A Democratic Society. "Talk to Probe Into SDS Works," The Daily Titan. |
1965 |
November 3 |
Registered state apprentices only 14-15% minorities. |
The quarterly meeting of the California Apprenticeship Council reported that 14-15% of the state's registered apprenticeships were held by minorities. Despite the low amount, the Council representative, Charles Hanna, posited, "The survey made clear that nondiscrimination was the practice in most of the trades." "Minorities Make Up 14-15% of State Apprentices, Council Survey Shows," La Habra Star. |
1965 |
November 9 |
Racial violence predicted by former SNCC head. |
Former director of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), James Garrett spoke to CSUF's Young Democrats in response to the Watts Riots. Garrett predicted more violence as white society did not express compassion for anyone. "Former SNCC Head Garrett Predicts More Racial Violence," The Daily Titan. |
1965 |
November 9 |
OC police chiefs reserve right to investigate their own forces. |
Trial attorney Richard V. Jackson was alarmed at the increase in reports of police brutality and alleged violations of constitutional rights so he envisioned a group of attorneys who would serve as liaisons between the victims and the police chiefs. The liaisons would investigate the incidents before contacting police chiefs in order to ensure the legitimacy of each case. The Orange County Chapter of the Trial Lawyers Association adopted the plan when Jackson proposed it and named William A. Dougherty as chairman of the new committee. Dougherty was a former prosecutor in the US Attorney General's Office. However, all Orange County chiefs downplayed any alleged cases of brutality and reserved the right to investigate their own forces on their own terms. "Chiefs Cool Plan to Investigate Complaints of Police Brutality," Los Angeles Times. |
1965 |
November 11 |
Reverend Cohen arrested for participation in grape strike. |
CSUF college minister Reverend Al Cohen was arrested on September 13 for participating in the grape strike in Kern and Tulare Counties. He relayed his experience to a meeting of the Young Democrats. "CSF Minister Arrested for Aiding Strikers," The Daily Titan |
1965 |
November 15 |
International SDS strike planned. |
Mrs. Margaret Thorpe, the California regional organizer of Students for a Democratic Society, announced the organization was planning to join an international strike in the Spring of 1966 against the War in Vietnam and recruiters on campuses. "SDS Planning International Strike to Coordinate With Mass Walkouts," The Daily Titan. |
1965 |
November 19 |
College-aged students now eligible for the draft. |
Many local draft boards could not meet the quota of single men eligible to be drafted into the war as the monthly national draft call expanded from 17,000 to 40,000. As a result, college men became eligible for the draft if they did not meet the requirements of being a student. The Orange County Draft Board was located at 2100 N. Main in Santa Ana. To qualify for deferment, students had to show evidence of being a full-time student with a minimum of 15 units. In November, Orange County had to call 400 men for induction into the armed forces. "Cal-State Students Feel Effects of Draft Call," The Daily Titan. |
1965 |
December 7 |
Titan Democratic Club hosts anti-Apartheid speaker. |
I.B Tabata, president of the African People's Democratic Union, spoke at CSUF on the "Racial Policies of South Africa." The event was sponsored by the Titan Democratic Club. Tabata spoke about Apartheid and how the laws were set up to criminalize Blacks in South Africa. "African Leader Speaks Thursday," The Daily Titan. |
1965 |
December 15 |
Anaheim Police Department auctions stolen goods. |
Power tools and bicycles recovered from burglary suspects were to be sold to the highest bidder by APD. "'Christmas Sale': Anaheim Police Will Auction Bikes, Loot," Los Angeles Times. |
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1966 |
December 8 |
Harlen Lambert hired as the first Black police officer in Santa Ana. |
City Manager Carl Thornton commented that Harlen Lambert's appointment was welcomed by city officials. "The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and the Congress of Racial Equality in August 1965, criticized the City for not hiring Negro policemen." "SA Hires 1st Negro Policeman," Santa Ana Register. |
1966 |
February 21 |
Suspects arrested in attack on Santa Ana police officer. |
Four men were arrested after attacking Police Officer Byron K. Pompeo when he attempted to question two men and a woman about a disturbance in a "negro section" of Santa Ana among a crowd of 100 onlookers. One attacker fled the scene while Pompeo shot a second man in the arm after a struggle, who was booked for assaulting a police officer after treatment at Orange County General Hospital. Twenty officers arrived on the scene and restored order after 45 minutes. "Four Accused in Attack on Police," Los Angeles Times. |
1966 |
March 17 |
Unlike white teammates, Black Angels baseball players unable to find adequate housing in Anaheim. |
The FEPC was willing to fight on behalf of the California Angels Negro players if they were unable to find adequate housing and accommodations in Anaheim along with their Caucasian mates. According to Jose Cardenal and Rudy May, they were rejected when they applied for accommodations at an apartment complex which was listed as having vacancies on an Angels clubhouse bulletin board. After news of this broke, general manager Fred Haney said offers of apartments and various housing for Black players flooded in. According to an FEPC spokesman, "There is more resistance against Negroes moving into the Orange County area than in other locations in the state" and none of the Black players were able to secure housing for their families in the region at press time. Most of the Black Angels players and their families were being housed at Angels Chairman of the Board Gene Autry's Melody Ranch in Palm Springs. "Angels Get Home 'Promises'," Los Angeles Sentinel. |
1966 |
March 24 |
Black Angels baseball players rejected in their attempts to secure housing. |
Five Black Angels players were unable to find housing for their families in Orange County and have been rejected in all their attempts in Anaheim and Orange County. "Angels' Negroes Seek Homes," Los Angeles Sentinel. |
1966 |
March 24 |
Reverend Cohen and his wife give up adopted biracial child, David, due to harassment. |
Reverend Albert G. Cohen and his wife Ann decided to give up the half-Black child they adopted due to continued, mounting harassment. They decided to adopt a child "because we felt our home was big enough to include someone who doesn't have a home" and were especially interested in a hard-to-place child like David (who was difficult to place because of his racially mixed heritage). According to Walter Heath, Director of the Los Angeles County Bureau of Adoptions, it was the first time a child was returned due to race. "Can't Stand Harassment: White Couple Will Give up Adopted Part-Negro Child," Los Angeles Times. |
1966 |
March 25 |
David placed in Black foster home. |
A two-year-old Black boy, David, was returned to the County Bureau of Adoption by the white couple who adopted him over a year prior due to "continued and mounting harassment of their family" and was immediately placed into a Black foster home. Fullerton residents Reverend Albert G. Cohen (chaplain of the California State College at Fullerton campus) and his wife Ann said that they were harassed ever since they adopted they boy, including phone threats to safety of their children and someone writing "Watts" on their front door and throwing garbage on their lawn. Fullerton Police did not believe that the calls were serious threats and were instead the work of "young pranksters." Support for the Cohens came from across the county, urging them to keep the child, but said support came too late. "Adoption at End, Boy Goes into Foster Home," Los Angeles Times. |
1966 |
March 29 |
Reverend Cohen holds national news conference over David. |
Reverend Al Cohen called a national news conference to announce that his family was returning the Black boy the Cohen family had adopted due to bigotry in Fullerton. The child was returned to the Los Angeles County Adoption Agency after one year with the Cohen family. The Cohens received ominous anonymous phone calls and feared for the child's safety. "David Vanquished by "Goliath" of Bigotry," The Daily Titan. |
1966 |
April 18 |
OC Head Start programs under committee review. |
The Orange County Community Action Council was to help establish Head Start programs for Garden Grove, Fullerton (two locations), Placentia, La Habra, and a Santa Ana Negro church group. "Six Head Start Programs Will Undergo Review by Committee," Los Angeles Times. |
1966 |
April 28 |
Original foster parents Willie and Addie Scott take in David. |
David, who was returned by the white Fullerton clergyman and his wife a year after his adoption, was placed back in the foster home of Willie and Addie Scott (who he first knew as "mama" and "daddy"). Scott claimed to (still) admire Cohen and his wife but was thrilled to hear that David would return as the Scotts did not think they could adopt him due to insufficient space. They had since moved into a bigger house, "won't let him get away" again, and were in fact the first people that Bureau Director Walter Heath thought of the day David was returned even though many others called him expressing interest. Arkansas natives, the Scotts also had another adopted son and three other foster children. Mr. Scott was an "army veteran and a lay minister of Golgotha Missionary Baptist Church." "County Puts Negro Boy, 2, Back in First Foster Home," Los Angeles Times. |
1966 |
May 12 |
Discriminatory housing laws overturned. |
Prop. 14 and Reitman v. Mulkey were overturned. "Housing Jim Crow Nullified," Los Angeles Sentinel. |
1966 |
May 19 |
Santa Ana dancer and employer charged with public indecency. |
A go-go dancer and her employer were charged with public indecency in connection with her dancing at a Santa Ana beer bar, the Sugar Shack. Free on a $550 bail, the two were scheduled to stand trial in June. "Santa Ana Pair to Be Tried Over Dance," Los Angeles Times. |
1966 |
July 24 |
UCI conference critiques anti-poverty approaches. |
According to the state Department of Education, there were approximately 140,000 Mexican-Americans and 15,000 Blacks out of Orange County's 2,250,000 population. At a UCI workshop called "Beyond the McCone Report," Thomas Crockett, county president of the Congress of Racial Equality, asserted that the NAACP's approach to solving poverty was out of touch and did not include input from the very communities it was trying to help. Rather, according to Crockett, "the NAACP, especially in Santa Ana, is a whites who want to do something and a few Negroes who do not represent the grass roots." Another speaker at the conference was a staff consultant to the Los Angeles County Commission on Human Relations who warned about a "growing Watts area in its Mexican-American ghettoes." Herbert Carter went on, "Contributing money won't help and learning Spanish won't help because they speak Mexican." Carter was referring to the Delhi neighborhood. "Antipoverty Officials' Approach Criticized," Los Angeles Times. |
1966 |
August 6 |
Restraining order signed against United Rubber Workers Union picketers. |
Judge Robert Kneeland signed a restraining order against the United Rubber Workers Union pickets (striked at the Kirkhill Rubber Co. in Brea). This order was requested by the company after a night of violence (which union and company officials blamed one another for). The order limited pickets to four at each entrance for the next 11 days, during which time a joint meeting between Kirkhill and union negotiators would be held. "Rubber Firm Pickets Restrained by Court," Los Angeles Times. |
1966 |
August 12 |
Lawsuit filed against Parklane Development Corp for racial housing discrimination. |
Marine Corps Lieutenant James P. Allen Jr. and his wife Mary filed a lawsuit against Parklane Development Corp for its discriminatory behavior against the Allens, a Black family, when they sought to rent an apartment at the Parklane Terrace Apartments at 14541 Del Amo Avenue in Tustin. White families were offered immediate occupancy while the Allens were told they had to wait 10 days for the application to clear. The lawsuit sought $80,250 in damages. Allen was originally from Washington, DC and had just been transferred to the El Toro Marine Corps Air Station. He was represented by attorney Richard W. Petherbridge of Santa Ana. "Negro Marine Sues Owners of Apartment," Los Angeles Times. |
1966 |
August 18 |
Felony suspect shooting by officer ruled justifiable. |
Officer Bonner's shooting of a felony suspect five times when he attempted to escape was ruled justifiable and had not violated any criminal law as he had a "clear duty to take into custody a felony suspect properly served with a felony (burglary warrant)." Bonner wounded the suspect, 23-year-old Edward Junior Dominguez, five times when he tried to escape, and Bonner claimed to have been pushed from behind by a second man Peter Briones, also 23. Both men ran. No weapon was found on Dominguez. DA Williams charged him with possession of heroin in addition to burglary while there was not sufficient evidence to prosecute Dominguez. "DA Clears Santa Ana Officer Who Shot Burglary Suspect," Los Angeles Times. |
1966 |
October 7 |
Louis Armstrong performs at CSUF. |
Louis Armstrong performed at CSUF and 1,500 attended. "Satchmo to Appear Fri., Oct. 7 in Gym," The Daily Titan. |
1966 |
October 11 |
Professor relays experiences from the Free Speech Movement. |
CSUF professor James Jordan was at Berkeley during the Free Speech Movement and relayed his insights. "Comment on F.S.M. -- Set Straight," The Daily Titan. |
1966 |
October 18 |
Poor turnout to Armstrong concert attributed to Orange County's musical tastes. |
Senior John L. Christofferson believed the Armstrong concert was not the success the organizers hoped for including competing jazz festivals. However, he discussed Orange County's poor history of welcoming jazz, "Orange County, with very few exceptions, can be thought of as the home of the flops. Many clubs, where jazz has been on the menu, could not have been received in a poorer manner." He was responding to the article proffering "apathy" for the poor turnout to the Armstrong concert. "'Fullerton People Dig Lawrence Welk’ Says Reader About Armstrong Concert," The Daily Titan. |
1966 |
October 20 |
Reverend Cohen speaks on Black Power. |
Reverend Al Cohen outlined Black Power. Because of his experience in Selma, Alabama and in Delano, California as a striker, Cohen had valuable insight. "Comment on We Must Negotiate," The Daily Titan. |
1966 |
October 28 |
Sociology Society meeting considers tape of KKK rally. |
A tape of the October Saugus KKK rally would be presented on November 1 at the Sociology Society meeting in room S-534. Anthropology professor Hans Leder commented on the implications for society. "Ku Klux Klan Tape to Play at Meeting," The Daily Titan. |
1966 |
December 25 |
Agriculture continues to decrease in Orange County. |
Urbanization that began in the early 1950s had led to a decrease in agriculture in Orange County; in 1955, there were 143,092 acres farmed and in 1966, there were only 15,808 acres. According to the Irvine Company's vice president of agriculture, the cost price squeeze was the number one reason for decrease; others blamed net income and lack of qualified labor. As Orange County Assessor Andrew Hinshaw noted, the prices offered for land were too attractive, and while farming would not disappear entirely in the next five to ten years, by the year 2000, no one would think of Orange County as an agricultural county anymore. "Farming Continues Its Steady Slide in County," Los Angeles Times. |
1966 |
October |
Teenagers arrested on suspicion of firebombing cemetery. |
Twenty-two teenagers were taken into custody on suspicion of throwing firebombs from a speeding car and plotting to firebomb the Fairhaven Cemetery "just for kicks." The boys' ages ranged from 14 to 17 and they were from Tustin. Officers alleged that two Molotov cocktails were thrown by two of them from a car near Santa Clara and Prospect Avenue. After an investigation and the discovery of hidden Molotov cocktails in shrubbery, the Santa Ana Police arrested the 22 boys. "22 Boys Detained in Fire-Bomb Incident," Los Angeles Times. |
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1967 |
January 17 |
Students attend draft panel. |
More than 70 CSF male students attended a panel on the draft sponsored by the Los Angeles Times and the Titan Times (DT). “70 CSF Males Attend Panel," the Daily Titan. |
1967 |
January 20 |
Effigy of Reagan hung at Sacramento State College over proposed tuition changes. |
Students at Sacramento State College hung an effigy of Governor Ronald Reagan from the music and speech building bearing a sign that read, "You got your four years. What about ours, Ronnie?" This was in response to Reagan's proposal to charge tuition at the state university and colleges. "What About Our 4 Years," Los Angeles Times. |
1967 |
February 7 |
Leakey to speak on campus. |
Dr. LSB Leakey was to speak on February 12 on "The Evidence of Hominid Evolution in Africa." “African Authority to Appear Feb 12," The Daily Titan. |
1967 |
February 10 |
First foreign policy teach in Orange County held at CSUF. |
Orange County held its first teach-in at CSUF on American foreign policy. In addition to presentations by hawk organizations like the Rand Corporation, the 14-hour teach-in would include the broadcast of a tape by Bertrand Russell, a British pacifist, and the showing of Time of the Locust, a 15-minute documentary on the Vietnam War. “US Policy Forum Set for Teach-In," The Daily Titan. |
1967 |
February 17 |
Police department tasked with ensuring peace during teach-in. |
The Fullerton Police Department was slated to ensure law and order at the teach-in. “Police to Keep Order," The Daily Titan. |
1967 |
February 20 |
South Vietnamese college students set to attend the CSUs. |
The US government entered into a contract with South Vietnam to allow 100 college students to attend the CSUs. Fifteen of the 100 would attend CSUF. It was part of a program between the Department of State's Agency for International Development and the CSUs. The goal of the program was to "provide the Vietnamese students with English orientation training, orientation to US culture and government, and college education." “15 Viet Students Due Here on March ,1” The Daily Titan. |
1967 |
April 24 |
Orange County's Partners for Progress' Bootstrap Operation deemed successful. |
Orange County California Partners for Progress, a voluntary, privately funded program in Santa Ana designed to help minority groups (particularly Blacks), was deemed successful after its first year of operation. However, financially, the organization was in the red. "'Bootstrap Operation' to Assist Minority Groups Called Success," Los Angeles Times. |
1967 |
May 21 |
7th Step Foundation established to help ex-convicts. |
The 7th Step Foundation, endorsed by SAPD Chief Allen, operated in parallel to Alcoholics Anonymous and was set up to keep former convicts out of prison. It was established August 22, 1965, in Chino Prison. "Ex-Convicts Help Each Other: Ex-Convicts Set Up Goal of Self Help," Los Angeles Times. |
1967 |
July 30 |
Orange County Peace and Human Rights Council holds open house. |
The Orange County Peace and Human Rights Council was scheduled to hold an open house consisting of folk singing, arts and crafts, and games for children. Peace literature and a draft counselor would also be available. The council had over 100 individual members and organizations such as the Orange County Committee to End the War in Vietnam. Future plans included "free university" sessions, pamphlet distribution at local churches, a debate, and an anti-war demonstration over labor day weekend. "Open House Arranged at County Center for Peace, Civil Rights," Los Angeles Times. |
1967 |
August 4 |
Santa Ana arson suspect shot fleeing the scene. |
Three arson attempts were reported in the western part of Santa Ana and a man was shot as he reportedly fled from a fire. He was arrested when he sought treatment from the Orange County Medical Center. Twenty-two-year-old Frank Mack Jr., who was wounded in the right calf by a bullet (one of the 11 total fired) which did not hit the bone, was held on suspicion of arson. The shooting took place behind the Consumer City discount store and "climaxed...disturbances touched off by a rock-throwing spree at police cars at the El Salvador Park recreation center." Even though officers had to break up a fight and a large group of predominantly Black youth began throwing rocks at the cops, Police Captain Clarence Johnson reported that everyone was calm and no one was looking for trouble, a sentiment confirmed by Orange County NAACP President Wyatt Frieson. "Arson Suspect Shot at Santa Ana Fire," Los Angeles Times. |
1967 |
August 20 |
Black population of Orange County increases to 1%. |
The population of Blacks in Orange County had increased at a slightly greater rate than the population at large but was still only 1% of the 1.3 million residents and most were in Santa Ana. "Negro Population up but Still Only 1% of County," Los Angeles Times. |
1967 |
August 20 |
Coalition established to increase housing opportunities for Blacks in Orange County. |
A coalition was set up between real estate brokers and community leaders to increase the rental and purchase opportunities for Blacks, who only made up 1% of Orange County's population. James Hillman, Fair Housing Council President, took a wait-and-see approach to the new code proposed by the CREA; however, while he noted that there was evident improvement, he also pointed out that Santa Ana's concentration of Blacks was a ghetto-- a view shared by Wyatt Frieson, past president of the Orange County NAACP. A 1960 housing survey listed 15% of all housing within Santa Ana's Black ghetto as deteriorating (compared to 5% of the county's housing as a whole). Still, both men noted that integration into the rest of Orange County was difficult for Black families and many chose to return to segregated parts of Los Angeles. Chapman College faced difficulties finding housing for Black international students during the summer, when college dorms were unavailable. Similarly, Marines of color had difficulty finding off-base housing when stationed at El Toro. While no concrete numbers from a survey were available to show the degree to which this occurred, a base spokesperson said that Black Marines were turned away from rental units with a variety of excuses, but that any Marine who reported such difficulties was moved to the top of the base housing waiting list and was provided with immediate temporary accommodations. The Fair Housing Council had some pending court cases, but this was only a tiny fraction of the population facing discrimination-- Blacks complained that almost all new housing was unavailable to them and that only if they had money could they even find adequate housing. The law stated that any new construction with federal financing was supposed to be open to all, as should any houses on the market be after a foreclosure. "County Leaders Help Negroes Get Better Housing Choice," Los Angeles Times. |
1967 |
August 27 |
New real estate code of practices predicted to improve equal housing opportunities in Orange County. |
Real estate brokers in Orange County predicted an improvement in equal housing opportunity due to a new code of practices on behalf of the Fair Housing Council of Orange County and CREA. Blacks in Orange County made up roughly 1% of the county and were "substantially disadvantaged on quality, location, and free choice of housing within his economic means." This code made the realtor responsible for offering equality of service regardless of race, religion, etc. and made them subject to disciplinary action if they implanted fears of minorities moving into neighborhoods or encouraged white flight. Barletta encouraged subdivision and apartment housing owners to take similar measures, but at that point, those individuals had not developed their own code as their representatives believed legislation was not the answer. However, as others pointed out, it would be impossible to fully integrate schools until residential areas were also integrated. "Improvement Predicted in Negro Housing Opportunities," Los Angeles Times. |
1967 |
September 17 |
Potential for draft becomes more pressing with change in Selective Service rules. |
All men aged eighteen and a half had to register with Selective Service, and due to a change in law June 30th, draft boards were permitted to call up 19-years-olds first instead of older registrants, which made the potential to be drafted more pressing. This left men of that age with a series of questions, including whether to volunteer or delay college. "Camp or Campus? Draft-Ager Dilemma," Los Angeles Times. |
1967 |
September 25 |
Citizens attempt to restore deteriorating apartment complex in Black area of Santa Ana. |
A group of citizens took it upon themselves to try to restore a 60-unit apartment complex in the Black area of Santa Ana in an attempt to avoid a "miniature Watts or Detroit." Calling on apartment owners, tenants, and local government to cooperate, they had an informal meeting on what caused the deterioration and discussed ways to reverse the trend. The apartment owner, a Costa Mesa engineer, claimed to have been working overtime to keep the buildings in shape, but said it was nonpayment of rent that caused problems ($82.50 to $110 for the two-bedroom units). "Slum Fighters Try to Save Neighborhood," Los Angeles Times. |
1967 |
October 20 |
Demonstrators peacefully picket Orange County Draft Board. |
The Orange County Draft Board was peacefully picketed by a dozen or so adult and child demonstrators handing out anti-draft literature. This picket was part of a plan worked out by Judge Paul G. Mast with the SAPD to ensure individuals were given the right to picket without the presence of uniformed officers (to avoid a show of force). Stella Crawley, local draft board director, said the demonstration caused no trouble and things were able to proceed as usual. "Santa Ana Draft Board Picketed--Peacefully," Los Angeles Times. |
1967 |
November 10 |
Student Affairs Committee forms sub-committee to investigate charges on campus. |
CSUF's Student Affairs Committee formed a committee to conduct a formal investigation into discrimination at CSUF after seeing charges of it at other CSUs. All minority students were encouraged to be interviewed about their experience and their testimony would remain confidential. *“CSF Probes Discrimination," the Daily Titan. |
1967 |
November 18 |
Screening of Warhol film stopped by police in Anaheim. |
The Anaheim Police Department interrupted the screening of Warhol's Bike Boy and arrested theater manager Jerry Lyle Willits on suspicion of exhibiting obscene material. "Police Halt Film Showing in Anaheim," Los Angeles Times. |
1967 |
November 21 |
Student discovers FBI requested all copies of the campus paper. |
Tony Ferguson, a student who wrote a letter complaining about the FBI presence at an anti-draft rally in October, discovered through an LA Times article that the FBI had requested all copies of the Titan Times (now Daily Titan). This was confirmed by Dr. Ronald Bristow, acting Dean of Students for CSUF, who stated that such requests were standard. However, the Titan Times advisor, Dr. J William Maxwell, stated that this was the first time he had heard of such a request. The FBI requested two copies of every Titan Times. “FBI Requests Copies of TT from Dean,” The Daily Titan. |
1967 |
December 5 |
Republican assemblyman Briggs outraged over drama department production of the Beard. |
Assemblyman John Briggs, a Republican who represented Fullerton, visited CSUF to express outrage over the production of the play called The Beard in the drama department. Briggs was not expecting an unsympathetic crowd in CSU students. Briggs called for the dismissal of drama professors Edwin Duerr and James Young for allowing such an "obscene" play to be produced on campus. Students accused Briggs of assuming guilt in the professors prior to a fair trial. Moreover, two telegrams from local university drama departments were in favor of the CSU professors. The play was by Michael McClure and centered around a relationship with Jean Harlow and Billy the Kid. The play had both characters challenge the other's concepts of power and sexuality and ended with a sexual act on stage between the two characters. The play was banned and defended by the ACLU, and in 1966, Andy Warhol made the play into a film. The CSU controversy extended into 1968, and a committee investigating the production called for the dismissal of both professors. “Briggs Gets Student View on Controversy," The Daily Titan. |
1967 |
December 8 |
Assemblyman Briggs choses not to resign from Friends of the College over theater controversy. |
Assemblyman John Briggs resigned from Friends of the College in response to its production of The Beard but had since changed his mind and did not want to resign. Of the production, Briggs said, "There is a web throughout the state of California spreading degeneration among college students. I believe that this whole incident was planned and that it was part of a conspiracy." Because of the "nature of this matter" the five women members of the Friends of the College were not included in this discussion. "Briggs Rejoins Friends...," The Daily Titan. |
1967 |
December 13 |
Letter promising pickets at Moscow Circus potentially a hoax. |
The Moscow Circus was expected to be met with anti- and pro-Vietnam picketers when it opened at the Anaheim Convention Center. However, the letter from California State College at Fullerton student Robert O. Bland, which promised anti-war protests by the Orange County Citizens Opposed to the War in Vietnam, might have been a hoax. The only "Bland" able to be located was from Laguna Beach who claimed the letter was "a crude attempt to embarrass and harass” him. This Bland was on the committee of the Orange County Peace and Human Rights Council, headquartered in Santa Ana. The pro-war protestors, the Committee for Military Victory in Vietnam, protested the circus because of the claim that Russia supplied 80% of the arms to North Vietnam (contending that circus proceeds would have helped buy arms to fight American soldiers) and wanted to make it clear that the USSR was no friend to the US. “Council Letter May Be Hoax: Pickets Expected at Circus," Los Angeles Times. |
1967 |
December 7 |
Students vote to allow CIA recruiting on campus. |
Student voters chose overwhelmingly to allow the CIA on campus, but some students voted against it. As a result, the CIA decided against visiting Fullerton that semester. The Jack London Society protested the campus decision to allow CIA recruiting of students at CSUF. “Voters OK CIA Recruiting," The Daily Titan. |
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1968 |
January 31 |
Discrimination lawsuit dismissed after Proposition 14 overturned. |
Santa Ana postal clerk Lincoln Mulkey of 514 S. Townsend Street dismissed his rental lawsuit following an agreement after the US Supreme Court overturned California's controversial Proposition 14. "Negro Drops Apartment Rental Suit," The Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
February 10 |
Operation Bootstrap Community Theater of Watts set to perform at the Unitarian Church of Orange County. |
The Operation Bootstrap Community Theater of Watts was scheduled to present the play A Glass House Shattered at the Unitarian Church of Orange County, sponsored by the Orange County Peace and Human Rights Council. "Church to Host Watts Players," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
February 13 |
UN undersecretary and Nobel Peace prize winner Ralph Bunche delivers talk as part of Distinguished Lecturer Series. |
Dr. Ralph J. Bunche, who served as United Nations’ "undersecretary for special political affairs," addressed CSUF as part of the Distinguished Lecturer Series sponsored by CSF and the Associated Students. Bunche was also the first Black American to earn the Nobel Peace Prize. "Nobel Winner Bunche Will Lecture Sunday," the Daily Titan. |
1968 |
February 14 |
Orange County Peace and Human Rights Council's application to participate in Laguna Beach Patriot's Day parade rejected. |
The Orange County Peace and Human Rights Council had their application to participate in the Laguna Beach Patriot's Day Parade turned down by the parade sponsor, the Laguna Beach Exchange Club. Chairman of the event, James Leddy, claimed that the denial was based on the original application, which listed them as the Peace and Freedom Party, a political party. The Peace and Human Rights Council took the issue to the courts, with an action filed on their behalf by ACLU attorney Patricia Herzog. "Laguna Rejects Peace Council Parade Entry," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
February 19 |
Fatal shootings prompt push for a uniform firearms policy. |
The Peace and Human Rights Council sent letters to the Board of Supervisors urging the adoption of a uniform firearms policy-- as it was unclear than any even existed-- triggered by the recent fatal shootings by officers of a narcotics suspect in South Laguna and of Mexican-American youth fleeing in Stanton. Following a model policy prepared by the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, this policy would require that officers exhaust every other avenue before resorting to the use of firearms. This would have prevented Paul Meza Aguilera's death in Stanton, as he was hit by a bullet shot by Officer Allen Christian, who claimed it was a warning shot (Christian was indicted by a grand jury for manslaughter). According to Sheriff James Musick, he had not seen any of the council letters but claimed that state law already regulated use of force and that officers were trained in firearm use. "Peace Group Seeks Policy on Firearms," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
February 20 |
Parade participation rejection upheld by Superior Court judge. |
Superior Court Judge James F. Judge upheld the Laguna Beach Exchange Club's refusal to allow the Orange County Peace and Human Rights Council (PHRC) to enter a float in the Laguna Beach Patriot's Day Parade. The Orange County PHRC was represented by ACLU attorney Patricia Herzog, while Laguna Beach was represented by Duffern H. Helsing. Herzog argued that since city resources would go into the parade, no one should be prohibited from participation. Helsing argued that the city did not contribute to the parade nor make any participation decisions. Judge ultimately said that there was no evidence that the same city resources would not be made available if the Orange County PHRC chose to host their own parade. "Court Bans Peace Group's Parade Entry," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
February 23 |
Bunche urges immediate change in American cities to avoid future violence. |
Nobel Laureate Ralph Bunche warned CSUF students that "unless tremendous radical" immediate change occurred to ameliorate the "ghetto situation" in American cities, there would be violent consequences. Bunche stated, "The black man is getting desperate because he cannot get a voice in the power structure. Instead, he grows bitter and hostile toward society. Destruction becomes his liberation from an intolerable situation." "Bunche Predicts Massive Racial Warfare in Ghettoes," The Daily Titan. |
1968 |
February 24 |
Members of the Orange County Peace and Humans Rights Council raided at Laguna Beach home for alleged hashish possession. |
Federal officers and local police officers raided the Laguna Beach residents on Woodland Drive. Residents at the location were members of the Orange County Peace and Human Rights Council and allegedly had hashish on the premises. The federal agents attacked different people while local law enforcement stood by doing nothing, according to 20 witnesses. No drugs were found, but three men were arrested for assaulting federal agents. The Orange County Peace and Human Rights Council was a private organization known for protesting police brutality. "Rights Group Seeks Inquiry in Dope Raid," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
March 5 |
Vice presidential candidate for the Socialist Workers Party speaks about Black Nationalism on campus. |
Boutelle, the candidate for vice president for the Socialist Workers Party, spoke on campus about "Black Nationalism in the '68 elections." The event was sponsored by the Jack London Society. Boutelle was raised in Harlem and founded different groups including Afro-Americans Against the War in Vietnam; Black United Action Front; Revolutionary Action Movement; and the Alexander Defense Committee. The Socialist Workers Party platform for the 1968 election included the immediate withdrawal from Vietnam; supporting Black people's fight for freedom; supporting labor; changing the right to vote to 18; and of course, a planned democratic socialist America. "Negro Socialist to Speak on Black Nationalism," The Daily Titan. |
1968 |
March 22 |
Willard Rodgers forms the Black Student Union on campus. |
Senior Willard Rodgers formed the Black Student Union for the 15 "Negro" students of a campus population of 9,000 students. Rodgers enlisted the aid of Dr. Ernest Works to serve as the faculty adviser to the group. Rodgers reserved the mission of the group until after its first meeting. "Black Student Union to Form on Campus," The Daily Titan. |
1968 |
March 29 |
Grape strikers to recruit for Kennedy on campus. |
Mike Gonzales and Robert Bustes held a booth in the quad in order to recruit students to be part of a "door ringing campaign" in Orange County urging voter registration and votes for Robert Kennedy in the California primary. The two men were grape strikers from the Central Valley and had been working the Mexican-American barrios in addition to college campuses. "Mexicans for Kennedy Will Recruit at CSF," The Daily Titan. |
1968 |
March 29 |
Santa Ana Unified Schools accused of giving MAPA the runaround. |
The MAPA accused Santa Ana Schools of giving them the runaround in their dispute over the placement of Mexican-American students in "classes for the retarded." MAPA official Ray Villa said the district had not really budged on their demands for reevaluating testing and other methods that misplaced bilingual children in the program for the "mentally retarded." SAUSD Superintendent Glenn Tabor said he was not ready to comment on MAPA's demands until they clarified what they wanted. It was standard not to reevaluate students placed in the Educable Mentally Retarded classes; however, 59% of those placed had Spanish surnames. "School System 'Runaround' Hit by Latin Group," Los Angeles Times |
1968 |
March 30 |
Anthropology Project to aid unemployed Blacks. |
Anthropology instructor Fred Katz oversaw the Work and Culture Project at CSF where "hard-core unemployable Negroes will receive training in skills and attitudes." The project was funded by the 1962 Manpower Development Act through the Office of Economic Opportunity. Sixty individuals with a history of failure in job retention were screened and taught economics, pay management, life values and Negro culture, among other "betterment" skills. Katz commented, "Because lack of job skills and of motivation in keeping jobs is the basic problem, the effectiveness of the program can only be proven by long-term job retention." "Anthropology Project: Work Culture Program to Aid Unemployed Negro," The Daily Titan. |
1968 |
March 30 |
Martin Luther King Jr. praised at convocation. |
The campus convocation spoke about Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King. The event was organized by Reverend Al Cohen and BSU leader Willard Rodgers. "Dr. King Lauded, Society Rapped at Convocation," The Daily Titan. |
1968 |
April 2 |
Minority recruitment committee formed. |
Willard Rodgers, BSU leader, asked the Faculty Council to form an ad hoc committee to bring students from at-risk and minority groups to CSF. The suggestion passed unanimously. Rodgers noted that in a campus of 9,000 students, only eight were Black and most were athletes. "Faculty Creates Committee for Minority Recruitment," The Daily Titan. |
1968 |
April 4 |
Study requested on minority unemployment problems in Santa Ana. |
After attending a conference with Governor Reagan on race relations, Mayor Tom McMichael planned to recommend that the city council begin a study of minority group unemployment problems in Santa Ana. While he felt that other urban areas in California were worse off, he wanted to "close this communications gap." If the recommendation was accepted, it would be the first time the city attempted to solve the employment needs of minority community members, whose rate of unemployment was 2.5% higher than the countywide average. In addition to Santa Ana, the other cities represented in the meetings with Reagan were: Los Angeles, San Francisco, Oakland, Fresno, Riverside, Sacramento, Bakersfield, San Diego, Stockton, San Jose, Richmond, Vallejo, Berkeley, and Long Beach. "Santa Ana Mayor Asks Study on Minority Jobs," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
April 6 |
Wyatt Frieson marks MLK's assassination as a political turning point for individuals both inside and outside of the Black community. |
Wyatt Frieson, president of the Orange County Partners for Progress, noted that in the wake of MLK's assassination, any Black 40 years or younger was militant in the fight for equality, but that there was evidence of this same awakening in people outside of the community. Evidence of this included: 1) Santa Ana Board of Education's assessment of inadequate educational processes for minority groups; 2) City Council approving federally assisted lower income housing project; and 3) Santa Ana Mayor Tom McMichael's recommendation that the city council study unemployment issues among minority members. However, Frieson did not believe this was enough, calling on work to be done to integrate the minority members of Orange County into the socioeconomic mainstream of the county. "Negro Leader Sees Santa Ana Awakening to Minority Woes," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
April 6 |
Local memorial services planned for MLK. |
According to Ron Lunceford, acting director of the Community Action Council, the Black community was shocked by the assassination of MLK and flags were lowered at half-mast around the county. The NAACP planned to hold a memorial service Sunday in the Santa Ana Municipal Stadium, and other memorial services were planned for the weekend. Ted Heisser, NAACP county president, believed MLK's death would unite the Black community, and CSUF President Langsdorf claimed that MLK's assassination date would "be remembered as a day of national infamy." "Dr. King's Death Shocks County's Negro Community," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
April 8 |
Garden Grove Neighborhood Fair Housing Council reorganized. |
The Garden Grove Neighborhood Fair Housing Council reorganized to promote open housing for minority groups after lying dormant for three years. Of Garden Grove's estimated population of 118,000, Blacks made up less than 1% and Mexican-Americans 2.6% of residents. Mrs. Naomi Lindamood, council spokesperson, claimed this had to do with negative attitudes toward minority members on behalf of real estate agents and apartment house owners, a claim refuted by Jack Schultz, president of Garden Grove Board of Realtors. The decision to reorganize came after a survey was conducted by the First Methodist Church to determine problems minorities faced finding housing in the city, as well as a story of a married Black professional couple who was unable to find housing in Garden Grove. "Garden Grove Group Renews Housing Drive," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
April 8 |
Santa Ana MLK memorial draws large mostly white crowd. |
Three thousand mainly white people attended the Santa Ana Bowl to pay tribute to MLK. The 90-minute service was cosponsored by the Santa Ana-Tustin Council of Churches, the Community Action Council of Orange County, and the NAACP. Largely representing a suburban cross-section of the area, mourners represented every denomination in Orange County and listened to readings and writings of MLK, scriptural readings, prayers, and hymns led by local clergy. "3,000 Attend Memorial Rite in Santa Ana for Dr. King," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
April 10 |
JOB program performing under expectations. |
According to the US Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training, the JOB program was way under par-- while it should have seen 35 to 40 placements at this stage, only eight had been scheduled to work. This dissatisfaction with placement was believed to be the driving force in Wyatt Frieson's resignation as training director, even though Frieson and project director Peter Remmel declined to comment. The contract stipulated that all 150 participants be placed on a job by September, which Remmel admitted they fell behind, but claimed they would step up the pace that month. The eight who were placed in jobs were at food processor firms under union jurisdiction. "Officials Criticize Poverty Agency's Job Placement Pace," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
April 15 |
Residents urge Santa Ana bord of trustees to accept federal school funding. |
Looking at the critical deficiencies in curriculum and areas of neglect, residents of Santa Ana urged the board of trustees to abandon their policy rejecting the use of federal funds. Trustees agreed to consider federal financing and other sources of income for the year, having passed on $1.27 million in available Title I federal funds for culturally disadvantaged youth, even though the district had the highest minority group enrollment (34.4%) and the lowest reading proficiency in the county. "Re-thinking in Santa Ana" Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
April 19 |
Santa Ana six-point program largely dismissed by Wyatt Frieson. |
City Council laid out a six-point program for improving race relations in Santa Ana, which Director of Partners for Progress Wyatt Frieson suggested was just shy of too little too late and that the biggest concern was the school system. Superintendent Glenn Tabor claimed that some of the elementary schools in SAUSD would be placed on double sessions, many of which were in minority areas instead of being equally distributed. Frieson also said underemployment was more of an issue than unemployment. He had problems with the mayor perpetually pinpointing the city's southwest (i.e., minority area) as the locus of the problem. "Santa Ana Racial Plans 'No Big Thing,' Says Negro Leader," Los Angeles Times |
1968 |
April 20 |
Orange County chapter of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference organized by local clergy. |
The Santa Ana clergy undertook an effort, led by Reverend Robert L. Nichols (First Mission Baptist Church), to organize a local chapter of the SCLC. The immediate goals of the SCLC would be: 1) Voter registration; 2) Citizenship classes for Mexican-Americans; 3) Generate interest in neighborhood improvement in low-income areas; 4) Aid in economic development; 5) Offer classes in "negro heritage." Part of the need for the SCLC was that Orange County was an ultraconservative area. "Santa Ana Clergy to Form Chapter of Dr. King's Group," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
April 29 |
SCLC dedication ceremony draws a crowd of one hundred and fifty people. |
One hundred and fifty people attended the dedication ceremonies of the Orange County chapter of the SCLC. The ceremonies began with a two-mile march on Edinger Avenue from Broadway to Santa Ana Valley High School at Raitt Street, with about 100 Black and white individuals participating with a police escort. "100 March to Dedication of SCLC Chapter," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
April 30 |
Campus task force organized to push minority student recruiting. |
A task force led by Emmett T. Long was organized to push the recruiting of minority students to CSUF-- Black students made up less than 1% and Mexican-Americans less than 2% of the 9,100 students. President Langsdorf said he would consider the program a success if they brought in 50 minority and disadvantaged students but did not expect even half of them to be Black. The Associated Students Senate put aside $2,000 for the recruiting drive (also giving $200 to the BSU to recruit), and faculty were asked to contribute $15 each to the effort in the hopes of raising an additional $3,000. "Cal State Group Seeks Sharp Hike in Minority Rolls," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
May 1 |
Department of Labor recommends replace top administrators in Orange County minority job-placement project |
The US Department of Labor (DOL) recommended the replacement of the top administrators in a county-wide project for disadvantaged Blacks in an attempt to speed up the pace of job placement. According to Earl Burson from the DOL's Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training, the $191,000 project contracted with the JOB completely broke down, angering those they were supposed to help. Burson recommended the demotion of project director Peter Remmel (also executive secretary of the county AFL-CIO Central Labor Council) and the replacement of Luther Daniels (job developer). In the meantime, Burson sent John Monica, who had been working on a similar project in East LA to assist. In the first four months of the year-long project, only eight people were placed, whereas guidelines for the project required all 150 to be placed by September 1. The problems with the program became evident when the first remedial education class associated with the program completed at CSUF and only two out of 15 had jobs waiting. "New Leaders Urged in Negro Job Project," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
May 3 |
Letter frames being Black in Orange County as being akin to a soldier at war. |
A man who was arrested and booked on a trespassing charge by the FPD wrote a letter that framed the experience in the language of war. "Letter From a Black Man in a Foxhole," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
May 3 |
James DeBose arrested for refusing to leave a Fullerton store. |
On April 19, CSUF Freshman James DeBose was arrested for refusing to leave TG&Y store in the shopping center at the corner of State College and Chapman Avenue. DeBose was arrested for refusing to leave the store when asked by the store manager. DeBose recognized the incident as racial and wrote an essay on the experience. "Racial Overtones Charged in Student Arrest," The Daily Titan. |
1968 |
May 6 |
Commissioned report on minority problems in Santa Ana finds great potential for violence. |
A planning department report that was part of a study of minority problems by Santa Ana Mayor Tom McMichael found there existed great potential for violence among Blacks and Mexican-Americans in Santa Ana due to built-up resentment over racist attitudes and practices, with some individuals having aligned themselves with militant organizations. The solution was meaningful change and the report recommended the following: 1) Change to electing councilmen by wards; 2) Employment of more minorities in the SAUSD; 3) Establishment of community relation agency to serve as ombudsman for minority community; 4) Recruitment of more minority police officers. Blacks made up 5% and Mexican-Americans 15% of Santa Ana's population, but were concentrated in low income areas (exclusively white areas in north Santa Ana saw a per capita income of $4,000 to $5,000, whereas the per capita income of those in the southwest/minority area of the city was $900 to $1,200). "Minorities Study Shows 'Potential for Violence'," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
May 7 |
Support group for James DeBose created. |
Dean Ronald Bristow served as faculty advisor to the group. "DeBose Support Group Formed," The Daily Titan. |
1968 |
May 10 |
Site of DeBose's arrest picketed by fellow students. |
CSF students picketed the TG&Y where James DeBose was arrested. The half-dozen students were not part of any organized group but felt compelled to protest the store. "We think a lot of people would not like to shop here if they knew what happened here two weeks ago." "Students Picket Scene of Arrest," The Daily Titan. |
1968 |
May 11 |
Lieutenant Norton dismissed a second time from the Santa Ana Police Department. |
Chief Edward Allen dismissed Lt. Loran Norton for the second time for violating the "rules and regulations of the city charter," which were the grounds for Norton's first dismissal four years prior. This second dismissal had the backing of Santa Ana's mayor, Tom McMichael, who suggested it was a long time coming as Norton's conduct was a detriment to the police department and the city as a whole. Norton planned to file an appeal for a formal public hearing and demanded a formal statement of charges. "Santa Ana Police Lieutenant Fired for Second Time," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
May 13 |
Community Action Council--part of the war on poverty--concerned that people are unaware of their existence. |
The Community Action Council, the official Orange County agency of the war on poverty, was worried that no one in the area knew who they were. However, part of this lack of recognition might have been attributable to the county they were operating in, as Orange County had "never suffered urban anguish" nor been a "port of entry to droves of migrating unemployed." Furthermore, the unemployment rate was 4% (potentially 100,000 out of 1.3 million). Some events might have changed this lack of recognition, including: 1) Evolution of the organization and improved council membership; 2) Election of new executive director Ron Lunceford; 3) Green amendment -- the county had the option to designate the agency to handle OEO funding, designating it a nonprofit agency. "Orange County's War on Poverty," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
May 14 |
Jury trial set for DeBose. |
James DeBose was arrested on April 19 on charges of trespassing by the store manager of TG&Y. According to DeBose, he was in the store for 20 minutes when the manager asked him to leave. DeBose refused to leave and Love called a police officer into the store who asked DeBose and his friend if this was a "racial issue" and if they were engaging in a "civil rights demonstration." This was when DeBose decided to stay in the store. DeBose requested a jury trial which was scheduled for July 10. "DeBose Arraigned; July 10 Trial Set," The Daily Titan. |
1968 |
May 14 |
First Black Santa Ana school board member promises to help district students, regardless of race. |
Jesse F. Berry became Santa Ana Unified School District's newest member and the first Black member. Considering himself a private citizen, his goal was to help all of the district's children regardless of race or ethnicity. Berry was a member of the Orange County NAACP, Santa Ana Coordinating Council, and Boy Scouts Advisory Council; he was also a registered Democrat. A native of Asheville, North Carolina and educated in the Cleveland, Ohio public school system, Berry represented his employer, Hughes Aircraft, in a dropout prevention program in LA County and was also involved in teaching Black youth basic electronics for Partners of Progress of Orange County. Though the SAUSD traditionally passed up federal aid, Berry believed all revenue streams should be considered. "'No Ax to Grind' Says First Negro on School Board," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
May 15 |
Ron Lunceford new war on poverty director in Orange County. |
Ron Lunceford became the new Black poverty war director of Orange County. Elected as executive director of the Community Action Council, Lunceford was liked for his ability to identify with the disadvantaged and develop relationships with those in positions of power. He had been serving as acting director since Harry Holmberg resigned. "New Poverty War Director Critical of False Spokesman," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
May 17 |
Willard Rodgers discusses the necessity of the BSU. |
Randy Grater interviewed Willard Rodgers, the president of the BSU. Rodgers noted that he formed the BSU because of white complacency, and since the creation of the group, there had been "a formation of a civil rights oriented organization of white students." Rodgers noted that it was nearly impossible for minority students to find housing off campus. The summer prior to attending CSUF, Rodgers applied for apartments at 109 places and was rejected by all of them. Two students were able to get apartments after white students rented for them. Rodgers suggested that white students inform the managers of apartment houses where they live that they would leave should they continue to refuse to rent to Black people. Rodgers said the college should use the force of the Rumford Act to ensure students got housing. "The college should implement every legal and economic pressure it has to force the community to abide by the law." "BSU Head Discusses Negro Problems," The Daily Titan. |
1968 |
May 17 |
Operation Bootstrap leader sponsored to speak by the BSU. |
Robert Hall from Operation Bootstrap in Los Angeles spoke on May 15 in the Little Theatre. The talk was sponsored by the BSU. Operation Bootstrap was founded in October 1965 in response to the Watts Riots. Its goal was to "develop power within the black community, because a powerful group, like the white community, would be unlikely to merge with an ‘inferior’ group on equal terms." The group did not take federal funding in order to maintain control of how money was spent and was supported by business groups, churches, and private individuals. "BSU to Sponsor Talk on 'Black Revolution'," The Daily Titan. |
1968 |
May 21 |
Margaret Mead to speak at Commencement. |
Dr. Margaret Mead was the guest speaker. "Annual Commencement Set; 1600 Degrees to Be Given," The Daily Titan. |
1968 |
June 3 |
Orange County Peace and Human Rights Council hosts Reverend Nichols at open house. |
Reverend Robert Nichols from the First Mission Baptist Church in Santa Ana was scheduled to speak at the Orange County Peace and Human Rights Council's open house. "Pastor to Speak at Rights Council," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
June 9 |
Interracial workshop for high school students sponsored by the NAACP. |
One hundred and sixty-five white and Black high school students attended a workshop chaired by Clarence Jackson and sponsored by the local chapter of the NAACP, which aimed to bring the two groups together. A follow-up weekend retreat was planned for 12 of the participants. "Viewpoints of Negro, White Youths Given," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
June 18 |
Permanent Santa Ana community relations commission recommended. |
Santa Ana City Manager Carl Thornton recommended forming a permanent community relations commission to deal with minority group problems in the city. A report put together by city staff saw minority groups expressing a variety of grievances including: 1) Housing and employment discrimination; 2) Lack of representation in city politics; 3) Need for more recreation facilities in minority areas. The relations coordinator would also be expected to meet regularly with minority and neighborhood groups. "Minorities Commission Urged for Santa Ana," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
July 2 |
Community Action Council finally endorsed by city of Santa Ana. |
Up until the 5-2 vote endorsing the Community Action Council as the county's antipoverty agency, Santa Ana had been a conscientious objector in the war on poverty in the county. However, Mayor McMichael did not believe that the vote changed the city's opposition to other federal programs. The county's incorporated cities had three choices, required by federal regulation: 1) Indicate that they want all antipoverty programs coordinated by one agency; 2) Take no action; 3) Officially refuse to sanction antipoverty programs within the city. "Santa Ana Gives Ok to Poverty War Plan," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
July 3 |
Two Black men appointed to Santa Ana municipal commissions. |
Santa Ana City Council appointed two Black men to municipal commissions-- the first two ever in the city's 99-year history. Wyatt Frieson (35), president of Partners for Progress, was appointed to a four-year Planning Commission term, and retired Marine Corps member Rudolf Francis (45) was appointed to a four-year term on the Recreation and Parks Board, having been recommended by Superintendent Dr. Glenn Tabor. These appointments were seen as a step toward responding to minority resident complaints that they did not have representation in the city government. The only other Black to ever serve on an Orange County planning commission was Charles Ray of Placentia, who served three years before resigning. "Santa Ana Council Appoints 2 Negroes to Commissions," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
July 5 |
Santa Ana plant has flags stolen, defaced. |
The 20 x 30 feet flag that hung outside the Tolo, Inc. plant in Santa Ana was stolen and replaced with a flag defaced with the following message, "Vietnam 25,233 Dead and 151,344 Wounded." Two witnesses saw a bearded man in hippie attire spray painting the flag at 8:30 AM and obtained his license plate, which they turned over to the police. James J. Lockshaw, Tolo’s president, took the defaced flag down. "One Flag Stolen, Another Defaced," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
July 6 |
Hippies host free feed-in in Laguna Beach. |
Laguna Beach hippies hosted their second free feed-in for people on the beach, serving boiled carrots and corn. Their plans were to make it an every night affair at Heiser Park, even in the face of frequent clashes with the police, which observers feared might require National Guard intervention. The same group of hippies put forth a plan for a massive love-in, which they hoped would attract 10,000 in mid-July, at the same time that the city would host its annual Festival of the Arts. The hippies involved have registered 13 complaints of police harassment, filed by Robert O. Bland of the Orange County Peace and Human Rights Council. Chief Harry Labrow said that two out of 13 complaints were received by his office and that an investigation had been launched-- the results of which would be ready within the week. "Laguna's Free Lunch: Hippie Feed-In Boils; So Does Officialdom," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
July 10 |
Lack of teacher retention in Santa Ana attributed to low salaries, large class sizes, and condition of facilities. |
Unusually high vacancies in the SAUSD were attributed to noncompetitive salaries, class sizes larger than the state average, and unimpressive condition of school buildings. Roughly one-fourth of teachers hired were not retained. Pending passage of Senate Bill 95, which would provide a financial bonus to districts offering a longer kinder instructional day, Santa Ana would consider lengthening its kinder instructional day. "Salaries Blamed for Shortage of 110 Teachers in Santa Ana: Black Picture Painted for Recruitment in Lower Grades and in Federally Funded Classes for the Disadvantaged," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
July 12 |
Second anniversary of Partners for Progress celebrated. |
Partners for Progress (PP) celebrated its second anniversary. The PP was originally organized in July 1966 by Wyatt Frieson as an interracial organization aimed at achieving economic equality for minority groups in Orange County. Frieson was presented with a State Assembly resolution authored by Assemblyman Kenneth Cory (D-Westminster) commending him for his efforts. Of the 293 people who came to PP for job placement in their second year of operation, 40% were placed, and they would soon be opening a service station in Santa Ana to train Black youth. Operating on a very tight budget ($10,400 a year and an income of $11,588 a year-- including a $5,000 Disneyland Community Service Award), Frieson noted that the organization needed more income. "Partners for Progress Celebrates Birthday," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
July 18 |
Program to aid disadvantaged students in acclimating to college sponsored by the Martin Luther King Memorial Fund. |
The Martin Luther King Memorial Fund sponsored a program to aid "disadvantaged students" with integration into college. The program at CSUF was coordinated by James C. Fleming. Thirty-five to fifty students attended CSUF under the program in the fall. According to Fleming, "Once registered, tutorial service will be provided for those who need it as well as financial assistance for fees, books and living expenses." "Fleming Combats Ethnic Imbalance," The Daily Titan. |
1968 |
July 21 |
First annual NAACP ball to be held in Orange County. |
The first annual Orange County NAACP ball was scheduled to be held at Carpenter's Hall with music from Charlie Lookabill and his Dixie Travelers and talent from the Black community. Money raised from the event would go into the NAACP general fund to expand county programs, especially in the area of multi-racial youth seminars and the work conducted with the County Probation Department on juvenile problems. "NAACP Chapter to Inaugurate Annual Ball," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
July 21 |
Community officer hired in Fullerton to address minority and youth problems. |
Fullerton was to hire a community officer to work on minority and youth problems. While most cities with similar positions had high crime rates, Vice Mayor Jerry F. Christie said that Fullerton made this decision before problems arose. At the time, Fullerton only had 900 Black and 3600 Mexican-American residents. According to City Administrator William Cornett, the post would be filled by September 1, pay about $14,000 a year, and include responsibilities such as: identifying problems not covered adequately by police, improving the relationship between the police and groups/environments, and creating programs to educate people on police activities. The program was largely the work of Councilman Ralph Dietrich who came back with the idea after attending the president's Crime Commission meeting. Problems projected to be tackled included: hippie gatherings in Hillcrest Park, teenage narcotics, teenage drinking, and driving behavior. The FPD had about 100 officers under Chief Wayne H. Bornhoft. "Officer Hired to Handle Minority, Youth Problems," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
August 9 |
Allegations of racial employment bias made. |
The first county meeting of the state FEPC held at Santa Ana City Hall heard allegations of employment bias on behalf of Mexican-American and Black groups. According to James Allen, of the Orange County Fair Housing Council, Orange County had the same vicious attitude of urban areas but in a capsule version. Allen and the vice chairman, James Hillman, urged the FEPC to open an office in Orange County. In its nine years, the FEPC received 107 complaints of job discrimination and 24 of housing discrimination in Orange County. According to Peter Johnson (FEPC executive officer), few cases reached the hearing stage as it was hard to provide required documentation. "Minorities Allege Bias in Jobs and Housing," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
August 11 |
Santa Ana claims few Mexican-American applicants for teaching positions rather than discriminatory hiring practices. |
While Santa Ana's population was 11% Mexican heritage, only 219 of the 139,991 of the district's teachers were of that same background. This was especially problematic because Mexican-American students in California had the highest dropout rate. SAUSD claimed it was not a matter of discrimination, but rather that they had very few Mexican-American applicants in the pool. A state Department of Education survey found that the ratio of Mexican-American teachers to the state's total teaching force was roughly 2.2%. Contrary to the district's claims of a lack of applicants, the associate superintendent of public instruction in California, Dr. Eugene Gonzalez, believed Orange County was historically more disposed to prejudice than other parts of the state, and he believed he was discriminated against when applying for a supervisorial position around 1959-1960. However, county school officials claimed otherwise, saying that of two candidates of equal qualifications, they would give the minority candidate the edge. "Latin Teacher Shortage Due to Bias or Supply?," Los Angels Times. |
1968 |
August 12 |
Lack of diversity in Orange County higher education blamed on enrollment numbers. |
Orange County colleges and universities had very low enrollment of Mexican-American students, and of those who graduated, even fewer decided to teach. This provided an alternative explanation of the lack of diversity in surrounding schools. "Colleges Cite Scarcity of Mexican-Americans," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
August 12 |
De facto segregation taken up by both Santa Ana school and minority community leaders. |
Leaders of both Santa Ana schools and minority communities showed a willingness to work together on the issue of de facto segregation. Seven of every 20 students in SAUSD were minority students, but their homes were so segregated that they were in the majority in 10 elementary schools, and two of the schools (Monroe and Franklin) were more than 90% minority. Individuals suggested this move was made out of fear of becoming a national target and subject to a de facto segregation suit, which was denied by Derrick Bell, the executive director of the Western Center on Law and Poverty. "Double Attack on Segregation," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
August 21 |
5 Black individuals arrested on arson charges. |
One adult and four teenagers were charged with throwing a Molotov cocktail "behind the Power Unit Sales Office" at 2202 W. Chestnut and for dousing and lighting fire to a car in the 700 block of S. Raitt Street. Shirley Townsend, the adult, lived at 526 S. Townsend. All five were Black. "5 Arrested on Arson Charge," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
September 7 |
Tustin taxi cabs stage protest in Santa Ana after being denied right to operate in city. |
Taxicabs from Tustin denied the right to operate in Santa Ana staged a protest in downtown Santa Ana, with some drivers offering free rides. City officials expressed fear of a taxi war. "Santa Ana Protest Parade Staged by Taxis From Tustin," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
September 9 |
Black head of the Community Action Council accused of by-passing Mexican-American candidates for top spots. |
The Orange County CAC had a reputation for floundering and bickering and being unable to resolve conflicts and move ahead to make progress in advancing their programs in employment, education, health, and housing. Most recently, this conflict took the form of the Mexican-American faction of the CAC accusing the Black executive director Ron Lunceford of bypassing qualified Mexican-Americans for top supervisory spots. Lunceford, on the other hand, claimed no qualified Mexican-American candidates were available and that quality trumped ethnic distribution. The board took up the charges against Lunceford but gave him a near-unanimous vote of confidence. Lunceford believed the root of the issue was that a "Black man is running the program." "Ethnic Attack on Orange CAC," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
September 14 |
Black families fight eviction from Santa Ana apartment complex. |
Nine Black families were to be evicted from an entirely Black-occupied 48-unit apartment complex. While NAACP President Ted Heisser claimed that the families were being thrown in the streets, Town and Country Realty of Santa Ana's landlord claimed this was an exaggeration. The firm's president, Clark Loomis, said the dispute was rooted in the fact that the tenants were troublemakers; however, the NAACP claimed that the nine families were notified earlier in the month to pay the entire month's rent in advance (even though previously the families, who were mostly on welfare, had a verbal agreement to pay twice a month). The tenant group the realty firm that they were running a substandard apartment complex, while Loomis claimed his firm, which owned or managed 300 apartment units throughout the city, was losing money because they were investing so much to spruce up the place. Loomis' firm had previously voiced opposition to federally assisted housing projects for low income families. "Nine Negro Families Fight Eviction," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
October 4 |
Retired naval seaman manages Santa Ana gas station to be Black owned, operated, and used for job training. |
After 20 years as chief storekeeper in the US Navy, Lawrence Elvoid retired and became a manager of a service station in south Santa Ana that would be owned and operated by Blacks and used to train Blacks for other jobs. This station, which had its ribbon cut by Santa Ana Mayor Tom McMichael, was built through a co-op program involving Mobile Oil and five county businessmen. Wyatt Frieson, head of Partners for Progress, thought of the idea, and part of the plan was to form a corporation with stock that can be bought, with majority ownership in the hands of Blacks. "Ex-Navy Storekeeper Runs Gas Station to Train Negro Youths," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
October 6 |
Harlen Lambert profiled in the Los Angeles Times as the first Black officer hired in Santa Ana. |
Harlen Lambert was interviewed as "...the first Negro ever employed by the Santa Ana Police Department..." Lambert had been in the department for two years, was assigned to Community Relations, and was attending police science classes at Santa Ana College. Lambert discussed how he came to be a cop in Santa Ana, the vulnerability of him and his family under threat, the rapport between him and others of his race in the community, and with other police officers. "Negro Policeman: Minority Within a Minority," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
October 7 |
Orange County law enforcement officials working to recuperate police image. |
Orange County law enforcement officials worked to recuperate the image of policemen which was exacerbated by media coverage of police across the country (particularly Chicago). This poor image made recruiting difficult and impacted department morale. PDs across the county created programs to improve public relations, including changes such as having officers wear name tags, eliminating the description of the violator's race on traffic tickets, redesign of police gear, and better training of rookie officers. "Police Working to Erase Tarnished Image With Public," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
October 8 |
Head of food services requested by student activists to honor grape boycott. |
Dick DeSantis, CSUF student and president of its JLS-SDS, lobbied the head of the college's food services, Arthur Nielsen, to ask that he stop providing grapes on campus. Ten different members of the group approached Nielsen with their concerns and noted that nearly everyone had recognized the Grape Boycott including Long Beach State College. Nielsen carefully considered the proposition and made a compromise: the campus would only provide grapes from the Schenley Corporation, which the UFW had recently entered into a contract with. The Grape Boycott began in Delano in 1965 and lasted five years, affecting most of the United States and parts of Canada. DeSantis made the request after seeing a group on campus called the Young Americans for Freedom sponsor a grape giveaway the previous week. "Victory for JLS: No Grapes Here," The Daily Titan. |
1968 |
October 15 |
President of Jack London Society attempts to antagonize U.S. Marine recruiters on campus. |
Richard DeSantis, president of the Jack London Society, attempted to use the "theater of confrontation" at a U.S. Marine recruiting table in the quad. DeSantis tried to burn a pamphlet at the table but was thwarted by the wind. DeSantis was planning to throw pig's blood at the table but was unable to locate any. DeSantis burned his draft card three years ago and was a legally registered conscientious objector. "Wanted to Pour Blood. JLS Officer Attempts Recruiter Provocation," The Daily Titan. |
1968 |
October 20 |
De facto segregation still a problem in Orange County schools. |
The 1946 court decision Mendez vs. Westminster ended official segregation, but school districts attempted to cope with de facto segregation, which many saw as almost as harmful as de jure segregation. Some schools in Orange County attempted to deal with this by rearranging school assignments, even if it resulted in bussing, and others did horizontal dividing of elementary grades. Due to concern over de facto segregation, a definition of what constituted a minority school was developed: when a school's minority enrollment exceeded the percentage for the total district by more than 15%. MAPA and the NAACP requested that Santa Ana take action to reduce racial imbalance in its schools, where 10 out of 22 fell into the category of minority schools, with two in excess of 90%. "Ethnic, Racial Housing Patterns Affect Schools," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
October 22 |
Los Angeles Black Panther Party spokesperson lectures on campus. |
Shermont Banks, spokesperson for the Los Angeles chapter of the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, gave two lectures that week on "Race and Racism" in Professor Roger Joseph's anthropology course. When asked about potential opposition to the guest speaker, Joseph responded, "The formal government structure has been over-reacting to this type of situation. It seems as if they are carrying out a vendetta against men like Eldridge Cleaver. Now they want to cut off those guest speakers who disagree with their philosophy." "Black Panther to Talk Today," The Daily Titan. |
1968 |
October 24 |
Congressman Hanna derides "law and order" politicians. |
Democrat Congressman Richard T. Hanna, who represented Westminster, spoke on campus and derided politicians who called for "law and order" in response to public protests. Hanna stated issues of law had no place in discussions of morality. "When the problem is one of conflicting moralities laws cannot be used to affect a solution." Historically, when law and order was used to mediate social problems, it caused more problems than solutions. "Hanna Knocks Against Agitators' Protest for Law and Order," The Daily Titan. |
1968 |
October 25 |
Black Panther Party state chairman Shermont Banks speaks on campus. |
Speaking at Cal State Fullerton, a BPP deputy state chairman said that Blacks would never achieve true freedom under capitalism. Invited by anthropology professor Roger Joseph, Banks spoke to a packed audience in the little theater. This was the second talk he gave at CSUF; he was invited because the faculty member believed that students should hear about the Black experience from someone like Banks "rather than a white professor using white textbooks." "Black Panther Sees No Hope Under Capitalism," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
October 26 |
In campus talk, Banks outlines the party's ten-point program and criticizes other organizations. |
Shermont Banks, deputy chairman of the Black Panther Party, spoke to an "overflow" audience of 200 students in M-107 on October 22. Banks outlined the BPP's ten-point program and called Operation Bootstrap "a group of house niggers tryin' to keep the field niggers in their place." Banks also elaborated about the false charges of racism against the BPP, "We don't feel we have to hate somebody because of the color of his skin. We can take that energy and re-direct it in other directions that will be beneficial to everyone as a whole." "Black, White Power Needed to Get Equal Justice --Banks," The Daily Titan. |
1968 |
October 31 |
Debate over campus radicalism held between college administrators. |
Different college administrators debated the existence of radical activities on college campuses. The debate took place at the conference of the California Junior College Association. "Radical Activities Dying on Campus, Educator Declares," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
November 19 |
New Horizons Program benefits students. |
CSUF brought the New Horizons Program, sponsored by the NEH, to campus and Ace Riggins benefitted from it. He was a freshman student and noted the poor educational standards in schools that were predominantly minority attended. Riggins liked attending CSUF, "I like it here because it makes me think a lot. My attitude toward life in general has changed in the time I've been here. From what I've seen here it makes me want to get everyone together. I'd like to see one mind." "NEH opens up new horizons to students, stimulates self-awareness and thought," The Daily Titan. |
1968 |
December11 |
Black student Stephanie Gaines a princess candidate. |
Black student Stephanie Gaines was a princess candidate. Her photo was placed last out of the thirteen. "Princess Candidates," The Daily Titan. |
1968 |
December 15 |
Op-ed in the Los Angeles Times pushes for cultural assimilation of Blacks. |
An op-ed pushed for cultural assimilation of Blacks into American society in a way that affirmed "itself as a proud ethnic culture." However, it cautioned against any kind of militant activism and claimed the demands of such groups were "unrealistic," and such groups were composed of "hard-core, Marxist-Leninist revolutionaries, hell-bent on destroying the neo-capitalist system." SDS and other militant radicals were thought to not have the best interests of minorities in mind. "Words of Revolution," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
December 17 |
Student Senate votes to reject sympathy strike with faculty. |
The CSUF Student Senate voted 13-3 to reject moves to strike in sympathy with dissidents from the American Federation of Teachers at SF State College, even though similar proposals were adopted by the units at San Francisco, San Jose, Hayward, Sacramento, and Chico campuses. The proposal to strike would move forward if Cal State faculty members were found to be disciplined for picketing, class suspensions, and other activities. "At Cal State Fullerton: Student Senate Rejects Sympathy Strike Bid," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
December 20 |
Human relations commission considered by Fullerton City Council. |
Fullerton City Council considered a human relations commission because minorities had difficulty getting housing and jobs, and this affected new students. Also, residents in South East Fullerton, where there were more minority residents, complained that street lighting, sidewalk repair, and general safety concerns for their children were left unattended in comparison to other places in Fullerton. "Local Human Relations Commission Considered," The Daily Titan. |
1968 |
December 28 |
UCI hosts meeting of the Orange County Black Congress. |
UCI hosted a meeting of the Orange County Black Congress, open only to Black and brown people. The conference would cover what were identified as the four basic problem areas for minorities: 1) Community development; 2) Community interaction and educational outlook; 3) Intergroup relations; and 4) Job development and placement. "Black Congress Meets Today," Los Angeles Times. |
1968 |
December 30 |
Increased Black nationalism in Orange County predicted at closed press conference. |
At a closed press conference, which only allowed Black participants, and following a three-day meeting at UCI of the Orange County Black Congress, President Thomas A. Crockett said the county could expect an intensification of Black nationalist efforts. The county pushed conservative ideologies and efforts that were detrimental to Blacks, expecting their complacency. But Crockett said that was a mistake, "We're going to be militant to the point of annihilation if necessary." Key speakers were Kafanaya (Black Muslim instructor at CSUDH, BPP area), Deputy Shermont Banks, and lecturer John Calloway. Crockett noted that schools would be the first battleground. "Black Congress Leader Says Negroes 'Ready to Fight, Die'," Los Angeles Times. |
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1969 |
January 3 |
Orange County Black Congress president warns of community eruption. |
Thomas A. Crockett, president of the Orange County Black Congress, warned that the Black community was ready to erupt, which helped to create a myth about Blacks in the area. After a meeting of the Black Congress at UCI, Crockett promised intensified Black nationalist action in the area, specifically regarding the lack of representation in the school system. However, Reverend Robert Nichols, county leader of SCLC, called for talks and non-violence. "Dispelling an Orange County Myth," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
January 16 |
17-point list of demands presented to Faculty Council by the Students for a Democratic Society. |
Students for a Democratic Society presented the Faculty Council with a 17-point list of demands, a move which was not widely supported by other minority campus groups. Existing minority groups felt that the list of demands was pushy and unnecessary as faculty and administration had been largely cooperative in the development of ethnic programs and thus felt that such militancy was unnecessary. "Minority Students and Faculty Shun Militants at Cal State," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
January 17 |
Black Panther Party members shot and killed at UCLA. |
Two brothers and Donald Hawkins shot and killed two Black Panther members at UCLA. John Huggins and Alprentice "Bunchy" Carter were both members of the Black Panther Party for Self Defense and were at a meeting of the BSU at Campbell Hall. Larry and George Stiner were convicted of murder but escaped from prison in 1974. In 1994, Larry Stiner turned himself in to authorities. Larry had lived in Suriname while in exile. New history revealed the FBI's role in stoking dissent among different Black power groups. On January 18, the LAPD destroyed the LA headquarters for the Black Panther Party for Self Defense and arrested 75 people. The LAPD used the SWAT team for the first time in this attack on American citizens. "Fugitive in 1969 Slaying Surrenders," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
January 22 |
The Stiner brothers, suspects in Black Panther Party murders, in custody. |
The Stiner brothers were in custody as suspects in the deaths of two BPP members at UCLA, but police were still searching for two others also implicated in the murder. "Second Brother Held in Slayings at UCLA," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
January 30 |
Black Panther Party murder suspects being charged with Santa Ana robbery. |
The Orange County District Attorney's Office planned to go ahead with the prosecution of the Stiner brothers for charges associated with the robbery of the Halladay Inn in Santa Ana even though they were currently being held in LA on suspicion of murdering two prominent BPP members. "DA to Press Case Against Stiners," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
February 1 |
Florance Stiner and friend arrested at LA Hall of Justice for carrying a concealed weapon. |
Florance Stiner and friend Lina Keys were arrested for having a concealed .22-caliber revolver when they went to visit George Stiner in the LA Hall of Justice jail facilities. The gun was found in Keys' purse during a routine search. "Mrs. Stiner Seized at Jail on Gun Charge," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
February 11 |
Santa Ana robbery trial of Stiner brothers held in maximum security courtroom. |
George and Larry Stiner, accused of an armed robbery of the Halladay Inn in Santa Ana, were to be tried in a courtroom placed under maximum security, with five uniformed deputies and six armed plainclothesmen in the courtroom and hall, and all spectators subject to search. "Maximum Security Imposed as Stiners Are Placed on Trial," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
February 11 |
Ethnic Studies program need explained. |
James Fleming, Director of the New Educational Horizons program at CSF, explained the need for Ethnic Studies at CSF. According to Fleming, "We're trying to give black and brown students a sense of pride by including courses in the program that they desire and they feel are important to them." "Ethnic Studies - A Quest for Cultural Identity," The Daily Titan. |
1969 |
February 14 |
Ethnic Studies program proposal submitted. |
James H. Fleming, director of the new Educational Horizons Program, submitted a proposal toward the creation of an Ethnic Studies Program which got support from the campus. His plan included 71 courses in 11 different subject areas. CSUF President William Langsdorf remarked, "When we provide a Black ethnic studies curriculum, it will not be a second-rate major; it will be strong." |
1969 |
February 28 |
Stiners convicted of 4 charges related to Santa Ana robbery. |
George and Larry Stiner were convicted on four charges that came from their robbery of the Halladay Inn. After six hours of deliberation, the jury found each defendant guilty of first-degree armed robbery, first-degree burglary, kidnapping, and attempted murder. They were found innocent on charges of assault with intent to commit murder. The defendants were ordered to return March 20 for a probation hearing and sentencing. |
1969 |
March 21 |
Stiners sentenced to 15 years to life for first-degree armed robbery. |
After an 11-day trial, Superior Judge Byron K. McMillan sentenced George and Larry Stiner to 15 years to life for first-degree armed robbery stemming from their robbery of the Halladay Inn Restaurant and Bar in Santa Ana. Charles H. Bisigano (24) of Santa Ana was shot in the stomach during the robbery. The brothers were also sentenced for kidnapping, attempted murder, and first-degree burglary; however, these sentences received a stay of execution until the Stiners completed the prison term for the robbery charge. The Stiners also faced charges of murder in Los Angeles for the shooting of two BPP members. None of the robbery money was recovered. "Stiner Brothers Found Guilty of Robbery," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
March 26 |
Reagan praises former State Veteran's Chief--first Black man in the position. |
Reagan praised Johnson for outstanding leadership in his post, the first Black man in said position, even after the state assembly failed to pass a resolution commending Johnson (authored by Republican John V. Briggs of Fullerton). "Reagan Praises Former State Veterans Chief James Johnson," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
April 2 |
DeBose critical of Black Panther Party members. |
James DeBose relayed an experience that was not flattering to people who identified as "Black Panthers." At the end of the essay, DeBose called himself an "Uncle Tom." "Black 'Army': Acts Contradict Ideals," The Daily Titan. |
1969 |
April 9 |
Ethnic student organization ponders name change. |
The League of United Latin American Citizens was one semester old at CSF, but a few students wanted to change the name to Students for Progress Through Education. These students did not want to be affiliated with LULAC because its reputation was being marred; LULAC's affiliation with the United Mexican-American Students was subject to scrutiny because UMAS was listed on the House Un-American Activities Committee subversive list. "CSF Mexican-American Organization Undergoing Member Identity Crisis," The Daily Titan. |
1969 |
April 27 |
Picketers attend Hayakawa's appearance. |
Dr. S.I. Hayakawa, acting president of SF State College, was picketed by youth of Japanese-American ancestry during his appearance before the Japanese American Citizens League at the Disneyland Hotel. "Hayakawa Appearance Attracts 50 Pickets," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
May 1 |
Portillo named community relations coordinator in Orange County, aims to improve relationship between citizens and local government. |
Mexican-American Robert Portillo, named community relations coordinator, wanted to show residents that it was not them against the "Establishment." Portillo's position was the first of its kind, created to stop minority violence before it could erupt. Since the position was created, minority relations in the area changed (for better and for worse), including: unprecedented minority representation in elected school and city posts; a major split between Black and Mexican-American factions (especially over the hiring of a Black executive director of county war on poverty agency); and widespread concern over failure of programs to reach or maintain reaching the disadvantaged. "Establishment on Trial, Says New Relations Coordinator," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
May 3 |
"Gentle Thursdays" debate held on campus between SDS and Fullerton JC President. |
FJC school president continued the policy "Gentle Thursdays" (although the event was on Fridays) to allow for open debate on campus. Dr. H. Lynn Sheller held the debate outside with different students from SDS. Jim Vaughn, Joel Cadwell, and Tyrone Birelli wanted the ability to distribute The Vanguard, the SDS newspaper. Approximately 300 faculty and students attended the event. "SDS Debates Fullerton JC President on Campus Identity," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
May 9 |
Human relations commissioned approved by Fullerton City Council. |
Fullerton City Council approved an ordinance establishing a Commission on Human Relations, which would go into effect June 5. The commission would serve as an advisory body to the city council, which was interviewing 56 applicants to fill the 11 open commission member spots-- of which at least five were to be occupied by individuals of color. The commission was seen as necessary as there was a communication breakdown between the city and its citizens of color. "Fullerton Gives Final Ok to Relations Panel," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
June 2 |
Unruly crowd tear-gassed by police at Garden Grove Strawberry Festival. |
Garden Grove police used tear gas grenades against a crowd of approximately 1,000 youth. This was in response to a "wild bottle-and-rock-throwing confrontation at the Strawberry Festival." The altercation began after the festival ended for the night. "Tear Gas Quells Riot at Strawberry Festival," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
June 2 |
Second night of riots at Strawberry Festival. |
The second night of rioting began at 9:30 PM, when 400 youth began "pelting police with rocks and trash in the west end of Garden Grove Park." Seven people were arrested on assault with a deadly weapon against a police officer. "A firebomb exploded in a trash pickup truck. Two cars were burned on Deodora St. near Westminster Ave. police said. Two small fires were put out in a shopping center at Brookhurst St. and Westminster Ave. Police said the fires were connected to the rioting." The first riots began when a father and son had fistfight around 11 PM Saturday evening. When police rushed in to break up the fight, they were met with attacks by bystanders. Although tear gas was used on Saturday, police did not employ it on Sunday. Lee Walters, Festival President, remarked, "But this was nothing like we had last year." Apparently, there was a brawl at the same event last year in which several people were injured. "Rioting Hits Festival Second Night in Row. 1,200 Youths Battle With Police Sunday After Saturday Rampage Involving 1,000," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
June 3 |
Strawberry Festival riots determined to be unplanned. |
Strawberry festival was forced to close for an evening due to two outbursts in which 22 people, ages 15-20, were arrested (most for assault with a deadly weapon). It was later determined that these were spontaneous events and no preplanning was indicated. "Police Believe Festival Riots Were Spontaneous Flareups," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
June 5 |
College recognizes jurisdictional authority of Fullerton PD over campus. |
President Langsdorf was given sole authority to call off-campus police to end potentially troublesome political rallies and demonstrations, while anyone could call the police if a nonideological need arose. The college also recognized the jurisdictional authority of FPD over the campus. "Cal State Sets Policy on Use of City Police," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
June 5 |
Santa Ana officer Nelson Sasscer shot and killed. |
Officer Nelson Sasscer (24) was shot and killed about midnight at Third and Raitt Street. "SA Policeman Slain on Street," Los Angeles Times. |
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1969 |
June 6 |
Sasscer memorialized by fellow officers. |
Officers shared memories of Sasscer. "Slain Officer Hailed by Fellow Patrolmen," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
June 7 |
Three members of the Black Panther Party--Daniel Lynem, Nathaniel Grimes, and Arthur League--charged with the murder of officer Sasscer. |
Daniel M. Lynem (22), Nathaniel Odis Grimes (21), and Arthur DeWitte League (20), all identified as members of the BPP, were charged in the murder and conspiracy in the slaying of Santa Ana police officer Nelson A. Sasscer (24). Sasscer was killed on duty-- he was shot after calling into headquarters to let them know he was stopping pedestrians for questioning. "Black Panther Trio Held in Officer Slaying," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
June 11 |
Black ministers meet with Santa Ana mayor to discuss increase in police harassment after murder of officer Sasscer. |
The Santa Ana mayor met with a group of Black ministers to discuss the "unnecessary police harassment" the Black community dealt with in the wake of Officer Sasscer's murder. "The ministers say scores of Negroes have complained to them of being stopped by the police, pulled forcibly from their cars and having shotguns shoved in their faces. Other Negroes say police have broken into their homes and ransacked their possessions." Police Chief Allen issued a dismissive response, "… some of the criticism of the police is 'typical of the immediate reaction of Black Panthers all over the country when something like this happens. They try to divert people's attention from the crime itself, and, in a few weeks, poor Sasscer will be forgotten." "Police Accused of Harassing Negroes After Officer's Death," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
June 12 |
Legal defense fund begun to support Black Panther Party members accused of killing officer Sasscer |
Over 250 people (over two-thirds white) pledged their support to the three BPP members accused of killing SAPD Officer Sasscer. They began their drive by establishing a legal defense fund-- collecting $184 at their first meeting-- and scheduling a fundraising picnic. Supporters of the BPP said they were certain that the men were innocent. Supporters included friends, relatives, community members, the BSU, SDS, and the Peace and Freedom Party; they began a county-wide public education leaflet campaign, outlining the difficult relationship between the police and the Black community. "Drive Begins to Aid Trio Charged With Killing of Policeman," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
June 12 |
Santa Ana officials promise better communication to avoid race-based crisis after officer Sasscer's death. |
Twelve Black ministers (all members of the Inter-Denominational Ministerial Alliance) met with Santa Ana city officials, agreeing to better communicate in order to prevent a racial crisis in the aftermath of Officer Sasscer's death. This was the first of several such planned meetings. While Mayor Lorin Griset and City Manager Carl Thornton refused to discuss the session, it later came out that the ministers expressed concern over the mounting tensions in the Black community, urging the city leaders to use their power to curb what Blacks saw as a police overreaction to Sasscer's death. "Negro Ministers, Santa Ana Form Lines of Communication," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
June 14 |
Police actions after Sasscer's death questioned by Black community. |
The Black community was angry over Santa Ana police actions following the slaying of a white policeman the previous week. In particular, Black residents alleged that officers were illegally searching them and their homes. This was the fourth such meeting held that week by Black city ministers over the allegations. Police Chief Allen claimed that there was nothing illegal about police actions and that they had probable cause. There was community concern that complaints lodged against the police department were made to the police. "Panel Sought to Review Protests of Police Action," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
June 15 |
Support of those charged in Sasscer's death increases with uptick in police harassment. |
Police interaction with Black members of the Santa Ana community increased BPP support and questions regarding the veracity of the charges against Lynem, et al. "Black Panthers Emerge Within Community," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
June 17 |
Lynem pleads innocent in Sasscer's death. |
Black Panther Daniel M. Lynem pled innocent to the June 4 murder of SAPD Officer Nelson A. Sasscer after he and two others were charged with the crime in a grand jury indictment. Lynem's jury trial was set for July 21, unless motions for dismissal and suppression of evidence proved successful earlier in July. Lynem's supporters attempted to have the trial moved to a bigger courtroom, as many were unable to be present in the hearing to show their support for Lynem. "Lynem Pleads Innocent in Slaying of Officer," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
June 18 |
After Sasscer's death, Santa Ana councilmembers unanimously vote in favor of considering a human relations commission. |
Councilmembers unanimously voted to consider forming a human relations commission following Officer Sasscer's death. Fullerton was the first city to establish such a commission. Councilmembers claimed to be most concerned with preserving "law and order, with preventing violence and evil from occurring." However, the commission was not an investigative body, so any information or complaints of wrongdoing needed to be reported to the proper authorities. "Santa Ana to Consider Human Relations Panel," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
June 21 |
Police Chief Allen criticized in letter to the Los Angeles Times. |
A letter sent to the LA Times was a reaction to a white man's (Tedi Pritchett) reaction to an exchange between Police Chief Edward Allen and Black community members protesting police harassment. The writer was appalled at the chief's "lack of awareness" and recommended the immediate formation of a citizens' human relations board. "Santa Ana Chief Draws Criticism," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
June 23 |
30 people attend picnic and rally in Santa Ana in support of those accused of Sasscer's death. |
A picnic and rally scheduled by the BPP in Santa Ana's Prentice Park to show support of the members accused of murdering Officer Nelson Sasscer only drew about 30 people. The picnic was also sponsored by the Panther Defense Committee, established after Lynem's arrest. The committee also included Black community members, SDS and Peace and Freedom Party members, and other county activists. "Black Panther Rally Fails to Draw Crowd," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
June 26 |
Community Action Committee pushes for immediate creation of a Santa Ana human relations commission. |
In a letter to the city of Santa Ana, Community Action Committee's executive committee pushed for an immediate creation of a Santa Ana human relations commission, due to the "unhealthy schism" developing between the city and the Black community after the fatal shooting of Officer Sasscer in early June. The city council was set to consider the proposal in days to follow; however, they maintained that they were investigating all new complaints of police harassment. "Commission on Rights Urged for Santa Ana," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
June 30 |
Youth attack on officers requires activation of entire Santa Ana Police Department. |
SAPD Chief Edward Allen said that a Black girl being ejected from the Broadway Theatre began an assault on officers where rocks were thrown. The crowd was mainly made up of Black youth with some Mexican-Americans as well-- requiring the activation of the entire 182-man SAPD. The incident began at 6:15 PM and by the time it ended at 10:30 PM, 14 youth were arrested. "Youth Lead Attack on Police Station," Los Angeles Times. |
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1969 |
July 1 |
Attack on officers provoked by growing hostility between minority communities and Santa Ana police. |
While not premeditated, the melee that began at the Broadway Theatre in Santa Ana was caused by growing hostility toward SAPD and white ushers. Involving more than 250 youth of color, the police claimed to have exercised restraint while the director of the Orange County NAACP claimed that the police overreacted, exacerbating the situation. "Growing Hostility to Ushers and Police Blamed for Melee," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
July 2 |
Community leaders encouraged to mix with minority communities as a sign of goodwill. |
In a luncheon address to 300 members of the Rotary, Kiwanis, and Lions clubs, SAPD Chief Edward Allen urged community leaders to mix with people in the minority areas of Santa Ana in order to build goodwill. "Mix With Minorities, Civic Leaders Urged," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
July 4 |
Charges against Lynem in Sasscer's death dismissed. |
Lynem, who had been held without bail since June 5, was freed after the indictment charging him with the murder of Officer Sasscer was dismissed at the district attorney's request based on unnamed evidence uncovered. "Suspect in Policeman's Slaying Set Free: DA Drops Case Against 2 Based on New Evidence," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
July 8 |
Clashes between police and Santa Ana youth becoming more regular. |
Police and bottle-throwing youth clashed five out of nine days in the area surrounding 4th and Shelton Street. According to SAPD Chief Allen, he had no idea why Mexican-American youth were involved, as there were "no complaints" from that community. "Latest Youth Disturbance in Santa Ana Is 5th in 9 Days," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
July 10 |
Two hundred dollars given to the Santa Ana Black Panthers to set up headquarters. |
The Panther Defense Committee of Orange County gave $200 to the Santa Ana Black Panthers to set up a headquarters. They also discussed establishing two committees: Orange County Friends of Panthers and Orange County Committee to Defend Political Prisoners. The $200 was originally gathered to help pay legal expenses of three panthers charged with Sasscer's murder-- charges which were later dropped. Eighty-five people attended the fundraiser "including nine Negroes." "Panthers Get $200 to Help Build Center," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
July 19 |
FBI and Beverly Hills Police Department apprehend Sasscer suspect Arthur League on the estate of Donald Sutherland. |
Arthur Dewitt League and Nathaniel Odis Grimes, suspect and one-time suspect respectively in the murder of Santa Ana Police Officer Nelson Sasscer, were captured by the FBI and Beverly Hills Police at the estate of Donald Sutherland. Neither resisted arrest and it was unclear if they knew Southerland, who had been in Europe since late June. "Suspect in Policeman's Slaying Captured at Estate of Actor," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
July 23 |
Community leaders honored in church recognition dinner. |
Jesse Berry, the first Black individual elected to the Santa Ana School Board, and Mrs. Sadie Reid, founder of Creative Day Care, were to be honored at the first recognition dinner held by St. Paul Baptist Church at the Disneyland Hotel. The funds raised from the dinner (which would also include vocal selections and a fashion show) would be used to send the pastor to the National Baptist Convention in St. Petersburg, Florida. "Church Dinner Will Honor Civic Leaders," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
August 7 |
Witnesses in Sasscer trial taken into protective custody. |
Even though neither feared harm would come to them, brothers Carl (15) and Ricky Tice (18), key witnesses in League's trial for the murder of Officer Sasscer, were ordered by Municipal Judge Paul Mast to be held in the protective custody of the sheriff. Testifying at the insistence of Assistant District Attorney Everett Dickey, one of the two claimed to have been present at the shooting; however, Ricky denied portions of his conversation with Frank Oxandabourne, the chief investigator for the district attorney. "Custody Ordered for 2 Witnesses in League Trial," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
August 10 |
Uptick in far-right extremists in Southern California. |
The number of far-right extremists grew across Southern California. "Ranks Grow Within County," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
August 15 |
Antiwar activists hold demonstration at Nixon's San Clemente home. |
One thousand to three thousand people were to show up at the Western White House (Nixon's San Clemente home) for an antiwar demonstration. According to Robert O. Bland of the Laguna Beach Peace and Human Rights Council, they planned to assemble a picket line in front of Nixon's house and hold a rally at San Clemente State Park. The rally would feature speakers Toshiki Yokoyama (member of the Japanese Diet 1955-1969); Terry Hallinan (attorney for Presidio 27); Tamu Uhuru (BSU); representatives of the student coalition at UCLA; the BPP; and the Welfare Rights Organization. This was to be a much smaller event than the "Festival of Life" Bland originally sought to organize but was turned down by city and state officials. "Sunday's Protest Held Beginning of New Antiwar Swell," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
September 21 |
Eldrige Cleaver scheduled to speak at UCI orientation, conditional on parole officer's approval. |
Parole Officer Stan Carter's permission was required before Eldridge Cleaver could leave the Bay Area to speak at UCI; however, Cleaver was yet to request said permission. Cleaver was slated to be an Orientation Week speaker even though the appearance drew letters and phone calls of protest. The program was open to the public for one-dollar admission. Other speakers included: Representative James Corman (D), member of the President's Commission on Civil Disorders; Robert Scheer, editor of Ramparts, a magazine; and Reverend Blase Bonpane, suspended priest of the Maryknoll Order. "Cleaver's UCI Talk Hinges on Approval of Parole Officer," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
September 26 |
Search of Tice's apartment in conjunction with Sasscer investigation ruled legal. |
Municipal Judge Paul Mast ruled that the police tactics used to enter the apartment of Rick C. Tice did not violate any laws even though Arthur League’s defense attorneys argued otherwise. Police acted on information that suspect Odis N. Grimes was hiding there-- Grimes was not found but police seized a .38-cal pistol which the prosecution claimed was the murder weapon. Tice and his brother were held as material witnesses in League's case (Grimes and Lynem were cleared of murder charges). "Police Search in Sasscer Case Ruled Legal," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
October 9 |
Tice testifies in trial against League in connection with Sasscer's death. |
Carl Steve Tice gave witness testimony at the preliminary hearing on murder charges against Arthur League in connection to Officer Sasscer's death. Tice claimed that he heard League's gun go off and then Sasscer calling for help before he fled the scene. "Witness Describes Killing of Officer," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
October 19 |
Dodger Outfielder Willie Davis and Martin Luther King Senior speak at Santa Ana High School. |
Dodger outfielder Willie Davis and MLK Sr. spoke at a program jointly sponsored by chapters of the NAACP, SCLC, and the Inter-Denominational Ministerial Alliance. Davis spoke to the importance of intergenerational understanding while MLK Sr. told people at SAHS's auditorium that the US forced itself into a confrontation of wrongs-- Black supremacy versus white supremacy. King called out SAPD Chief Allen for allowing the city to sit on powder keg. "King Sr. Hits 'Confrontation of Wrongs'," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
October 12 |
College students plan nationwide antiwar protest. |
College students across the nation including Orange County prepared for an antiwar protest. "'The Mobe' Gives Campus Activists a Fall Kickoff," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
October 28 |
Stiner brothers sentenced to life in prison by Superior Court judge. |
Superior Court Judge Malcom M. Lucas ordered a term of life in prison for both Stiner brothers based on their prior prison records, rejecting claims by their attorneys that they were found guilty due to their association with the BPP. "Stiner Brothers Get Life Prison Terms," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
November 6 |
Coach Markham's firing demanded by Black students after kicking football player George Boswell in the groin. |
Former San Fernando Valley State College football player and student George Boswell was never asked about being kicked in the groin by Coach Don Markham at a football game. After the attack, Boswell took off his gear and immediately quit the team. This attack caused fellow Black students to confront the university president and demand Markham's firing. Boswell was not present for the confrontation which led to the alleged seizure of two campus buildings and the charges of kidnapping and false imprisonment by protestors in 1968. "Black Student Not Asked About Alleged Mistreatment," The Daily Titan. |
1969 |
November 14 |
Santa Ana policeman Faust indicted on charges of assault against 17-year-old Black youth. |
Santa Ana policeman Richard E. Faust (26) was indicted by a Santa Ana grand jury on charges of assaulting Black 17-year-old Jesse Gilmore outside Orange County Juvenile Hall on July 8. Gilmore had been charged with petty theft for stealing a portable ice chest. Faust allegedly struck Gilmore three to five times with his nightstick after subduing the youth. "Officer Indicted on Charges of Assaulting Youth," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
November 14 |
Rally sponsored by campus antiwar organization. |
The Student Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam sponsored a rally at Hillcrest Park. "SMC to Sponsor Hillcrest March," The Daily Titan. |
1969 |
November 22 |
Jerome Park Community Center a source of pride for surrounding neighborhood. |
The neighborhood surrounding the Jerome Park Community Center, which had a 70% minority population, became increasingly proud of the community center which they had a direct hand in designing. This involvement in design led to an atmosphere of cooperation as opposed to combat. The $500,000 center was the second such in the community-- the first was at El Salvador Park. "Center Helps Improve City Hall Relations," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
November 24 |
Father fights war on drugs after son's in-custody suicide. |
After his 17-year-old son Raymond hung himself in a SAPD cell while awaiting booking on drug charges, James Dunphy set out to fight a war on drugs by offering to speak anywhere at any time on the issue. "Son's Tragic Death Prompts Father to Fight Drug Problem," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
December 13 |
Entire Orange County Grand Jury subpoenaed in Faust indictment. |
Attorney Richard E. Owen, representing Richard E. Faust, a Santa Ana policeman indicted in the alleged beating of a Black youth, subpoenaed the entire county grand jury, claiming the jury acted improperly in their indictment having carried out their proceedings in secret and prohibiting cross-examination. Grand jury foreman Mrs. Robert Weed said the subpoenas were received and they would appear and probably be represented by the county counsel and district attorney. Owen claimed that the grand jury's decision was made to appease "a minority element of the community" due to the wrongful indictment of two BPP members in Sasscer's death; he believed they were taking it out on his client to make amends. "Jury is Subpoenaed on Beating Indictment," Los Angeles Times. |
1969 |
December 16 |
Minority representation class added to course listings. |
English 421 was added to the 1969-1970 course catalog. Described as "the most interesting literature class" taken by one student, the course was called "Minority Images in American Literature" and for upper division English students. "New Class to Study Images of Minorities," The Daily Titan. |
1969 |
December 30 |
Orange County schools asked to correct racial and ethnic imbalances. |
Twelve school districts in Orange County were asked to develop plans to correct for racial and ethnic imbalances in 42 schools. This caused concern as many did not see a way to comply with the request while others suggested bussing (unpopular with parents) as well as district attendance areas and grade patterns. The directive was sent to 222 school districts in the state, all of which were given until January 15, 1970, to present their plans. The districts in Orange County were: Anaheim City Elementary, Fountain Valley Elementary, Fullerton Elementary, Garden Grove Unified, La Habra City Elementary, Magnolia Elementary, Orange Unified, Placentia Unified, Santa Ana Unified, Savannah Elementary, and Westminster Elementary. Most of these districts only had one school to worry about; however, Garden Grove had six and Orange had four, while Santa Ana had the largest number of imbalanced schools-- accounting for 19 of the total. "12 Districts Told to Balance Enrollments," Los Angeles Times. |
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1970 |
January 5 |
Alumni writes about racism in Orange County. |
Celso de Casas penned a piece on Chicanismo. A local resident and former CSUF student, de Casas discussed Orange County racism. De Casas would go on to write Pelón Drops Out. "A Chicano's Perspective," The Daily Titan. |
1970 |
January 6 |
Black activist oppression discussed on campus. |
Franklin Alexander, who was the chairman of the Che-Lumumba club, spoke on campus about how Black activists were being oppressed in the U.S. and cited Bobby Seale and the 28 Black Panthers killed over the previous years. He spoke in the quad. "Alexander Comments on Repression in the U.S.," The Daily Titan. |
1970 |
January 8 |
BYU's racist admission policies prompts NAACP to request game cancellation. |
The Tucson chapter of the NAACP requested administrators at the University of Arizona to cancel the school's upcoming basketball game at Brigham Young University due to BYU's racist admission policies. "NAACP Asks for Game Cancellation," The Daily Titan. |
1970 |
January 9 |
Campus food delivery to Hopi Indians containing banned artificial sweetener defended by Anthropological Society. |
The Tillie-Lewis Company of Modesto donated to CSUF over 500 cases of low-calorie fruit for the Hopi Indians as part of CSUF's Anthropological Society. Three students who were unloading the cases noted that the food contained cyclamate. The Anthropological Society responded to the students' concerns and stated there was little danger sending this food to the Indians and that their vitamin deficiencies are so acute that this fruit was needed. The trip to deliver the food was scheduled over spring break. In 1969, cyclamate, an artificial sweetener, was banned in use in general purpose foods. In October 1970, the FDA banned cyclamate completely because a study revealed it caused bladder cancer in laboratory rats. "Anthropologists Defend Cyclamate Delivery," The Daily Titan. |
1970 |
January 21 |
Ethnic studies coursed debated by Faculty Council. |
Dr. Carmon Hardy argued before the Faculty Council that the proposed ethnic studies courses were redundant with those in the history department. Despite this, the proposed program received enthusiastic support from different people in the Council including Dr. Bernard Hyink, who was the Vice President of Academic Affairs. "Council Representatives Debate Ethnic Studies," The Daily Titan. |
1970 |
January 30 |
Interracial fights break out near Santa Ana Valley High School, leading to the arrests of Black youth. |
Two Black youth were arrested and eight more were expected to be arrested after fights broke out near Santa Ana Valley High School. Five white youths, including the student body president, were attacked on the way to school; 15-year-old Vernon Resse suffered a broken elbow and needed 10 stitches for a laceration. This attack was apparently random and in retaliation for smaller racially divided neighborhood conflicts. "Eight More Youth Arrests Due After Outbreak of Fights," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
February 8 |
Budget problems lead to lower admissions and other campus changes. |
Due to budgetary reasons, CSUF admitted several hundred fewer students in spring than in fall. Other changes included the closure of a beer hall, a chapter of the Women's Liberation Front, higher-priced cafeteria food, new registration procedures, new lecture policies, new courses, a new art gallery, doubled application fees, and liberalized co-ed visiting hours. Taken as a whole, these changes represented progress (as well as growing pains) for the fastest growing state college in California. "Returning Students to Find Changes at Cal State Fullerton," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
February 10 |
Reagan's campus appearance picketed. |
Picketers from the United Farm Workers, the American Federation of Teachers, and the Women's Liberation Front protested outside of the gym where Governor Reagan was speaking. "Picketers Exhibit Feelings to Reagan," The Daily Titan. |
1970 |
February 19 |
Charges against three sheriff's deputies involved in choke-hold death of prisoner dropped by DA. |
After a thorough review of evidence, District Attorney Cecil Hicks decided not to pursue the charges against three sheriff's deputies involved in the choke-hold death of 27-year-old Orange County jail prisoner, Vernon Louis Williams. In particular, Hicks noted the 7-5 split in favor of death by "accident" by the coroner's jury in making his decision. Deputies claimed that they used a common choke-hold maneuver to subdue Williams, who they testified was being combative and violent. Williams had been arrested after refusing to sign a ticket issued for walking on the freeway. Orange County NAACP president Clarence Jackson requested a grand jury inquiry into the circumstances involving Williams' death. "DA Drops Case Against 'Choke-Hold' Deputies," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
February 19 |
Black poetry appreciation event held on campus. |
Roscoe Lee Browne presented "Follow the Drinking Gourd: An Appreciation of Black Poetry" at the Little Theatre. "Follow the Drinking Gourd" was an American folk song first published in 1928 but traceable to 1910 in music history. "The Drinking Gourd" was another name for the Big Dipper, and allegedly, the song was used in the Underground Railroad to remind escaping slaves to use the star formation as a navigation point. "NEH to Host Benefit With Black Poetry," The Daily Titan. |
1970 |
February 25 |
Protests continue on campus in conjunction with Reagan's visit. |
For the third day in a row, approximately 1,000 students protested the criminal and campus charges levied against Bruce Church and David MacKwiak for their disruption of Governor Reagan's speech at CSF. Dean of Students Ernest Becker charged the two. Both pled guilty and their trial was set for March 25. They were charged with violating Penal Code section 415.5, which dealt with heckling campus speakers. The two were arrested by the Fullerton police. "Disruption Arrives at CSF in the Wake of Reagan's Visit" The Daily Titan. |
1970 |
February 26 |
Students stage sit-in to protest arrest of 2 students who disrupted Reagan's appearance. |
Three hundred students staged a sit-in outside administration offices the week following the arrest of two students who had disrupted an on-campus appearance by Governor Reagan. While the sit-in was peaceful, 30 helmeted police were sent to clear out students who had been organized by the Students Mobilization Committee (SMC) to End the War in Vietnam and were armed with a duplo, sleeping bags, and coffee. The SMC wanted CSUF to drop the planned disciplinary hearings against the arrested students. "300 Fullerton Students Stage Corridor Sit-In," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
February 27 |
Police called to break up campus sit-in. |
Police were called in to disperse demonstrators staging a sit-in in the corridors around the CSUF administration office in the second day of unrest surrounding the arrest of two students disrupting an appearance by Governor Reagan. After removal from the building, students jeered at police, threw objects, and broke the glass entry doors. Campus administration obtained a temporary restraining order to halt campus actions, and while it did not impact the sit-in, it could have had a future impact as students who disobeyed the order would have been subject to contempt of court charges. "Police Drive Students From Cal State Sit-In," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
March 4 |
Nineteen people detained after confrontation at campus disciplinary hearing. |
A violent confrontation broke out between students and police after a disciplinary hearing at CSUF, resulting in the arrest of 19 people. The first major 'disorder' on any Orange County campus, occurring between 90 armed police and 3000 members of the CSUF community, resulted in several injuries. All 19 were booked on unlawful assembly and disturbing the peace. "2 Professors, 17 Others Seized in Cal State Fullerton Disorder," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
March 5 |
Students who were arrested at antiwar campus teach-in speak of their experiences. |
Three students who had been arrested the previous day at the campus teach-in about the Vietnam War spoke in the quad about what happened. One male student, Kim Kanel, said he was arrested "trying to avoid trouble" in front of the Humanities Building. Three female students were arrested on March 3 and two spoke. Donna Lee Collins explained how the Fullerton Police allegedly struck her "in the stomach with a riot baton." Collins stated they grabbed her long hair and also hit her mouth, which caused bleeding. When asked why she was being arrested, the officer allegedly said, "You're being arrested for your dirty mouth, you dirty wench." Wanda Claro spoke about her arrest. She was screaming at the sight of the police detaining a student when she was arrested. Claro alleged she was treated roughly by the officers and when she asked, "Is this a way to treat a lady?" The officer allegedly responded, "If you're a lady, I'd hate to see dirt." Two faculty members who had been arrested discussed their confusing arrests and the legitimacy of their views. Cy Epstein from English related how free speech was a hallmark of the United States. Student Joe Kirby, a former member of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Reserve powerfully observed, "In the past I was proud of the police...I felt the community needed someone who could relate to them." But after witnessing three police officers "on one body" he no longer supported their tactics. "Arrested Students Speak at Teach-In," The Daily Titan. |
1970 |
March 5 |
Police called to contain students attempting to enter a closed campus judicial board meeting. |
University Vice President Donald Shields called the Fullerton police to contain a crowd of approximately 100 students who had entered a "closed campus judicial board meeting." The police pushed the students from Langsdorf Hall toward the Humanities Building and the quad. Once in the quad, the police began arresting people on charges of "unlawful assembly to trespassing, failure to disperse and resisting arrest." All nineteen were eventually arrested; two of the arrested (John Toberline for facial injuries and Charles W. Ryan not listed) were initially taken to Orange County Medical Center and were later released into police custody. According to Lt. G.A. Causley, three policemen were injured "when students began throwing rocks, mud and oranges." One officer, Roger White, was hospitalized at St. Jude's Hospital with "torn cartilage in his knee." Officer Darrell Hogan was allegedly kicked in the knee and treated for scratches, and Officer Ronald Moen was treated for an eye injury before being released. "Judge Frees 'Fullerton 19': 7 on Own Recognizance," The Daily Titan. |
1970 |
March 6 |
Solutions to campus problems proposed in editorial by James DeBose. |
James DeBose penned an editorial on how to solve many problems on campus and how campus politics reflected federal fights in terms of using the police to exert violence on dissenters instead of listening to them and having a conversation. "What I Believe," The Daily Titan. |
1970 |
March 11 |
Students of color face more difficulties than white students in locating housing in Fullerton. |
It remained difficult for Black students to find housing in Fullerton without the aid of a white person to rent for them. "Housing Scarce for Students, Even Worse for Minorities," The Daily Titan. |
1970 |
March 18 |
UFW Defense Fund Committee Chairman Pete Velasco speaks in quad. |
Chairman of the Defense Fund Committee for the UFW Pete Velasco helped form this important union with Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta. He spoke in the quad in a talk co-sponsored by the College Religious Conference and the American Federation of Teachers, local 1588. Velasco discussed the history of the UFW and its international strike on table grapes, which began in 1965. One of the key tenets of their methods was nonviolent protest. "Pete Velasco Will Speak on Boycott," The Daily Titan. |
1970 |
March 19 |
Anaheim apartment owner and manager accused of discriminatory rental practices. |
According to a complaint to the State Fair Employment Practice Commission, an owner and manager of an Anaheim apartment was accused of discriminatory practices by refusing rent to a Black applicant. "Apartment Owner Faces Bias Charge," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
March 20 |
Chicago 7 trial persecution of the Black Panther Party discussed by students in quad. |
Franklin Alexander of the Che-Lumumba branch of the American Community Party spoke in the quad to a group of "several hundred" on March 18 on the Trial of the Chicago 7, Bobby Seale, and support for the Black Panthers. Alexander urged students to think critically and to recognize the increase in "oppression" against the BPP. "Over 28 Panthers have been killed and a number of them exiled. ‘We see our survival, and I think you ought to see our survival.’" "Alexander Comments on Repression in U.S.," The Daily Titan. |
1970 |
March 26 |
Afro hairdos pros and cons discussed. |
Afros lacked popularity on the UCI and CSUF campuses. One student, Billye Irons, said she had to wait until she no longer lived at home because her parents disapproved of Afros. "Pros, Cons of Looking Natural With Afro: Afro Hairdos and the Natural Look," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
March 26 |
Bomb threat evacuates Orange County Courthouse during jury selection in League trial. |
The Orange County Courthouse was evacuated for a second time due to a bomb threat, phoned in by a woman claiming that the she "...planted a bomb in the new courthouse. It's going to blow up all the niggers." At this time a jury was being selected for the trial of Arthur D. League, accused of killing Officer Sasscer. "Bomb Threat Evacuates Courthouse Again," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
March 29 |
Police in Orange County begin image recuperation campaign. |
Police administrators in Orange County and around the country started a campaign to restore the image of officers-- SAPD alone was to spend $150,000 on image-building. Law enforcement training at every level added courses on community relations and police-public programs and encouraged officers to replace curtness on the streets with courtesy. Most of the programs were aimed at younger members of the community, including one called "Cops on Campus," where police officers would attend local high schools to 'rap' with students. "Police Trying to Put Shine on Their Image," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
April 1 |
Despite complaints by defense, all-white jury impaneled in League trial. |
Even though defense attorneys claimed the jury selection system was unconstitutional, after 11 days, six white men and six white women were selected to serve on the trial of 21-year-old Arthur League, accused of killing Santa Ana cop Sasscer. The trial was expected to last as long as eight weeks, as nearly 40 witnesses were expected to be called by both sides. "All-White Jury Impaneled in League Trial," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
April 2 |
April Fool's prank turns into violent confrontation between police and students. |
What started out as some April Fool's silliness turned into violent confrontation by campus police against students on April 1. A group of students intending to have fun dressed up as Indians and carried water pistols. The students gathered in the quad and started a march toward police headquarters. "Hollering and whooping, they circled the building in an Indian fashion." They were asked to leave and refused, which led to campus police responding. "Students involved in the march stated police armed with batons, mace and polaroid camera (sic) began to 'hassle' the students. Many reported the police took on a tactical attitude towards the crowd. A security officer and a woman student, who declined to be identified, exchanged words. The officer reached for the woman and a struggle ensued." What followed was a horrible scene. After the security guard "wrestled" her to the ground, she "was dragged by the hair and reportedly had her blouse ripped off her." Larry Lindelof, one of the marchers, stated he witnessed "state employees with clubs, were charging hitting, kicking, holding students while the state security police squirted mace into the face of a woman student." Two students were arrested: Bruce Church for felonious assault on a police officer and Eileen Jones for disturbing the peace and resisting arrest. The two were held in the security building until taken to the Fullerton Police station and booked. In response to the confrontation, students gathered in the north parking lot. Two sets of students threw debris at one another, and some cars and the building's windows were damaged. Several students were injured and one security guard-- William Randsell-- was treated at St. Jude Hospital for "cuts, bites and a stomach blow" and later released. "Protesters, Police Clash at Security Headquarters," The Daily Titan. |
1970 |
April 3 |
Protests against campus police continue after April Fool's confrontation. |
"Militant" CSUF students descended on campus police headquarters for the second day in a row; while police remained indoors, 50 or so students peered through the windows while others hit at the doors and walls with their fists. Made up of members of SDS and the Student Mobilization Committee, this visit to the police office came after a 45-minute rally, spurred by the desire to retrieve the belongings of activist Bruce Church (who was arrested following a bottle and rock tossing incident between police and students). Students claimed that they were unduly attacked by the police after squirting the building with water guns as part of an April Fool's Day joke, which police claimed was a lie. The protesters were finally given Church's belongings, with college dean Dr. Ernest Becker serving as an intermediary. Campus administrators were trying to avoid a debacle like that which occurred between police and students on March 3. "Cal State Students March on Campus Police for Second Day," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
April 7 |
Second anniversary of MLK's death memorialized on campus. |
Ace Riggins organized a memorial to commemorate the second anniversary of the death of Martin Luther King, Jr. by holding a service at the end of a silent demonstration around the quad which ended at the library. "NEH Participates in King Memorial," the Daily Titan. |
1970 |
April 8 |
Jesse Gilmore gives testimony in assault case against officer Faust. |
Jesse Gilmore testified in court as to the events of July 8. Handcuffed and removed from the patrol car, he was held down on the ground and beaten by officers’ nightsticks. During a cross-examination by defense counsel Ronald Owen, Owen contended that Gilmore's story was fabricated (pointing out that he could not protect his head from blows if he was handcuffed) and that he attempted to flee because he was carrying Seconal-- a claim which Deputy Attorney General Russell Lungerich objected was "highly prejudicial." "Victim Gives Testimony in Assault Case," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
April 15 |
Republican Senator John G. Shcmitz accuses scheduled appearance of members of Chicago 7 and their defense of being a threat to Orange County's peace. |
The scheduling of five of the Chicago 7 and attorney William Kunstler at UCI was accused of being a "direct threat to the peace in Orange County" by Senator John G. Schmitz (R-Tustin). Schmitz reasoned that Kunstler's recent appearance at UCSB triggered a riot. The scheduled appearance was sponsored by the LA and Irvine chapters of the New University Conference (national organization of teachers and students) and was meant to be a discussion of political repression on all levels of society. "UCI Appearance of 5 Chicago 7 Figures Hit," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
April 19 |
Area of Santa Ana turned into a 'velvet ghetto' by handpicked group of county probation department officers. |
Special Unit 99, a group of handpicked county probation department officers, turned the areas from Flower Street to the Santa Ana River, and from 8th Street to McFadden Avenue, into a "velvet ghetto." Some of the successes included: 24 of the 38 families on welfare were taken off the rolls; an almost 50% drop of juvenile recidivism; an over 50% drop in adult recidivism; and a 54% increase in school attendance. "Special Probation Team Claims 'Ghetto' Success," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
April 19 |
Santa Ana's six-point program for improving race relations unimpressive, according to Wyatt Frieson. |
Wyatt Frieson, director of Partners for Progress, was unimpressed with the Santa Ana mayor's six-point program for improving race relations in the city. The mayor's program primarily revolved around unemployment while community leaders suggested underemployment was the real issue. They were also concerned that the mayor's plan continually pinpointed the southwest area of the city; since problems existed all over the city, suggesting there was only one problem area could be psychologically damaging for residents of said area. "Santa Ana Racial Plans 'No Big Thing' Says Negro Leader," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
May 1 |
Student Bruce Church and English faculty Epstein charged with distribution of obscene materials in sale of student-designed booklets. |
CSUF psychology student Bruce Church (31) and Assistant English Professor Cyril R. Epstein (33) were charged with distributing obscene matter after selling student-designed booklets on campus with a photograph of nude students on the cover (while the project had been approved, the cover had not). A communications department spokesperson claimed that campus militants added the questionable cover material. This was the fourth time Church was named in campus disturbance complaints; at that point, he was awaiting trial on two counts of assaulting campus security officers and was placed on disciplinary probation for the remainder of the spring semester. Epstein had also been involved in campus disturbances and was arrested in March for a confrontation between activists and police. "Two Charged in Connection With Cal State Booklet," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
May 5 |
Out of 49 applicants, 15 appointed to Santa Ana Human Relations Committee. |
Fifteen people (12 men, three women) were appointed to the Santa Ana Human Relations Committee from a list of 49 applicants. The committee’s primary goals were to hear complaints of racial discrimination, propose legislation aimed at improvement, and work with social welfare agencies. Reverend Galal Gough of First United Methodist Church of Santa Ana would be the temporary chair. "Santa Ana Names 15 to Human Relations Unit," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
May 5 |
In face of prohibition, students continue to sell student booklets deemed obscene. |
Students continued to sell a controversial booklet with a nude photograph on its cover even after administration officially prohibited further sale or distribution, claiming it violated a state penal code. Sales continued at a rally protesting the booklet's ban, eventually morphing into a demonstration against the US invasion of Cambodia. College representatives said that information on persons continuing to sell the booklet was being turned over to the FPD. "Nude Photo Sales Continue in Defiance of College Ban," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
May 6 |
In testimony, League claims police planned to shoot him on sight. |
In testimony during his trial for the murder of Officer Sasscer, League claimed that he was told by Ernest Bodiford that the police said they planned to shoot him and Grimes on sight and that he found this threat credible and frightening. However, at the time he had no idea why they wanted to shoot him-- not connecting it to the officer shooting. He also denied stealing a .38-caliber pistol from Stanley's Gun Store in Santa Ana. "League Says Police Intended to Kill Him," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
May 7 |
Clashes between students over protest tactics continue at CSUF and UCI. |
Roughly 2,000 students, representing moderate and militant students, gathered in the quad at CSUF in a clash over protest tactics, while on the UCI campus, over 2,000 students gathered for a "rap-in." These two campuses, along with three of the county's six junior colleges were to close for a period at the request of Governor Reagan in efforts to cool continuing college turmoil. Students at UCI and CSUF planned to defy Reagan's orders and remain on campus to participate in strike-related activities with the tacit permission of the administration, who said they did not plan to interfere. "UCI and Cal State Protests Continue," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
May 10 |
Campus political polarization continues. |
CSUF students calling for a strike to protest US operations in Cambodia and the shooting of students at Kent State were met with protest by fellow students, not based on their platform, but on whether they should be allowed to spray paint campus. Like other campuses, CSUF was rapidly becoming polarized between left- and right-wing student factions. "Bickering Over Tactics Adds to Campus Turmoil," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
May 12 |
Ethnic studies library created by MECHA. |
Ramon Villegas was inspired to create a library of textbooks for students who could not afford them; the library included books related to Mexican-American subjects. The library was located in the basement of the Letters and Sciences Building in room 66 and had approximately 30 books. In addition to the library, which was not a main goal of MECHA, the group worked to raise money for "a Fullerton girl's hospital expenses and the Delano (grape workers)." "MECHA Stocks Library for Ethnic Studies Students," The Daily Titan. |
1970 |
May 13 |
Antiwar activists barricade themselves in campus building after rumors of future attack. |
Antiwar "militants" barricaded themselves in the Music-Speech-Drama Building that they had been using as a strike headquarters following rumors that they would be attacked by construction workers. Tempers ran high on campus after opposing groups of students alternated between raising and lowering a Viet Cong flag, which fueled the rumors of the construction worker attack. "Militants Barricade Selves at Cal State," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
May 16 |
Antiwar activists peacefully vacate occupied campus building. |
Antiwar "militants" at CSUF peacefully vacated the Music-Speech-Drama Building that they had been using as strike headquarters for their protest of US involvement in Cambodia. College authorities estimated more than $10,000 in damage from cigarette burns, defacement of walls, and broken mirrors. Students moved headquarters to a vacant Quonset hut, once used by the art department. "Cal State Militants Vacate 'Strike Headquarters' Building," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
May 19 |
Former Black Panther James Weston advocated Christianity over Black Power. |
James Weston spoke to about 300 CSF students in the quad on May 15 about his experiences as a former Black Panther. After spending time in a San Mateo jail on a narcotics charge, Weston learned about Malcolm X and the Black Panthers. However, he found "no unity" in the group. Weston quit the group and traveled to Big Sur where his Christian awakening occurred. "Ex-Panther Advocates Spiritual Revolution," The Daily Titan. |
1970 |
May 22 |
Tice, witness in League's murder trial, sues Santa Ana Police Department. |
Rick C. Tice, a witness in the murder trial of Arthur D. League, filed a $160,000 damage suit against SAPD Chief Allen and Officers Dale Sterzer and Larry Cornelison. The suit claimed assault and battery, false imprisonment, and subornation of perjury for the events of June 5, in which shotgun-armed officers broke into his home, beat and choked him during interrogation, and placed a shotgun against his head-- threatening bodily harm if he did not retract his grand jury testimony. "Tice Sues Santa Ana Police Chief, Officers," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
May 22 |
Fullerton Police Captain called to the stand to give his account of clashes between CSUF student activists and the Fullerton Police Department. |
FPD Captain Fred King was called to the stand by the prosecution in the trial of Dr. Stuart Silvers (charged with six misdemeanors) to give his account of the violent confrontation between CSUF activists and FPD in March. King was called to campus by Administration Vice President L. Donald Shields because a disciplinary hearing had been disrupted by protestors, including Silvers. King called more police for backup and they formed a line outside of the humanities building and marched toward a crowd of over one thousand of which Silvers was near the forefront. King claimed the crowd hurled items and insults at the police. "Police Captain Testifies on Confrontation," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
May 28 |
Protests held against the Vietnam War and the firing of Angela Davis on Southern California college campuses. |
Student militants at CSUF, UCLA, and UCSD failed to gather big crowds and concurrent demonstrations. These demonstrations were largely against the Vietnam War, but were also a protest of the firing of Angela Davis by UC Regents. "Militants Fail to Stir Crowds on 3 Campuses," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
June 2 |
Protests held on campus in response to college ban of rallies and public meetings. |
In response to a college ban on rallies or public meetings anywhere on campus, 70 protestors carried homemade Viet Cong flags and a cardboard coffin, causing "turmoil" on CSUF's campus. Deemed an illegal gathering by authorities, everyone-- including 400 or so bystanders-- was ordered to disperse and the FPD was on standby. Later, FPD served warrants to six students who failed to disperse: David Kern, James Cleair, Barbara Josephine Allen, Albert Charles Crespo, Eileen Jones, and Michael Lee. The ban was invoked by Acting President L. Donald Shields after a fire caused $25,000 of damage to a bungalow on campus. "Militants Defy Cal State Rally Ban With March," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
June 5 |
Op-ed encourages political moderation. |
An op-ed writer suggested that voices on the far end of the left and right did not speak for everyone and called for cooperation and reason. "A Bridge Grows in Fullerton," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
June 6 |
Dr. Stuart Silvers, campus adviser to SDS, fired via mail over job absences after trial for militant action on campus earlier in the year. |
CSUF fired Dr. Stuart Silvers (campus adviser to SDS) via mail over job absences. Coincidentally, Silvers was the first person to also be tried and convicted for militant action on campus earlier that year. Silvers was allowed 15 days to appeal the termination to the state personnel board, which would only grant reinstatement if he provided a satisfactory explanation of his absences. Though Silvers was tenured, tenure did not protect him per the provisions of the Ed Code under which he was fired. Assistant Professor Cyril Epstein, who awaited trial for charges related to his arrest with Silvers, did not have his contract renewed. "Cal State Fires Militant Teacher Over Absences," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
June 14 |
Santa Ana Black-owned and operated service station deemed a success after a year and a half of business. |
After almost two years, the Black-owned service station at First and Bristol Street showed success, breaking even after a year and a half of business. The first Black entrepreneurial project of its kind in Orange County, it began as a volunteer effort with no formal ties and working capital of about $5000, the barest minimum. It grossed $150,000 in the first 11 months, pumping over 1,000 gallons a day. However, the goal was not just Black enterprise but job training-- specifically in management. Ultimately, Wyatt Frieson (president of Orange County Partners for Progress, the organization behind the project) hoped to put together a Minority Enterprise Small Business Investment Corporation. "Black Businessmen Start to Show Profit," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
June 19 |
League found guilty of second-degree murder in death of Officer Sasscer. |
Arthur League was sentenced to five years to life after Superior Judge Samuel Dreizen denied a motion for a new trial for League, who was found guilty of the second-degree murder of Officer Sasscer. In making this denial, Dreizen overlooked remarks made by Bailiff Edward Littlewort to a juror, claiming they were casual and did not impact the verdict. Attorneys Green and Gerbosi promised to appeal the case up to the US Supreme Court, if necessary. "League Sentenced to 5 Years to Life," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
June 19 |
League sentenced to five years to life. |
After being found guilty of the second-degree murder of Officer Sasscer and being denied a motion for a new trial, Arthur D. League received a sentence of five years to life. "Black Panther Sentenced for Killing Officer," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
July 18 |
Student Bruce Church expelled and Professor Epstien barred from campus after week-long disciplinary hearings. |
Following a week-long series of disciplinary hearings, CSUF students Bruce Church and James Cleair were barred from returning to campus in the fall (while Cleair was just suspended, Church was in fact expelled) because of their dissident activities. Eight other students were given lesser sanctions and 19 additional cases were waiting to be heard. Former Assistant English Professor Cyril R. Epstein was also barred as part of a sentence handed down in court by Judge Kenneth E. Lae. Church's expulsion was the first such action against a CSU student for "disruptive behavior." "Militants, Former Professor Barred From Cal State," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
August 7 |
Disneyland shutdown early after Yippie celebration of Yippie Day at the park. |
After 300 Yippies attended Disneyland in celebration of Yippie Day and to mark the anniversary of the atomic bomb attack on Japan, Disneyland had to close the park six hours early, issuing rainchecks to almost 30,000 "straight" visitors. As part of their actions, the Yippies occupied Tom Sawyer Island while raising a Viet Cong flag and smoking marijuana; followed the Disneyland Band down Main Street chanting in favor of Ho Chi Minh's victory and Charles Manson as a revolutionary hero; and attempted to storm Disneyland City Hall. Clad in riot gear, APD arrested 18 youth, primarily for gatecrashing or disturbing the peace, and even hours after the park had closed, police were trying to clear 50 remaining Yippies. "Yippies' Outburst Shuts Disneyland," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
August 13 |
First annual Southwest Santa Ana Community Festival to be held. |
Santa Ana's Black community was to host a summer festival. The first annual Southwest Santa Ana Community Festival was sponsored by the Community Participation Council, the Council of Affiliated Negro Organizations, and the local chapter of the NAACP. Proceeds were set to go toward the establishment of a southwest Santa Ana "teen post," a recreational building for teens. "Community Festival to Start Friday Night," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
August 29 |
Former faculty Dr. Silvers has motion to quash civil contempt charge undertaken by Superior Court judge. |
CSUF faculty Dr. Stuart Silvers had a motion undertaken by Superior Court Judge Kenneth Williams to quash his civil contempt charge, which stemmed from an alleged violation of a superior court restraining order. If the ruling was in favor of Silvers, no trial would be necessary. However, if the decision upheld the charge, the trial would not go on as scheduled. Silvers' attorney, Daniel Rothman, argued that not only were Silvers' rights of free speech and assembly abridged, but also he had been placed in a position of double jeopardy. "Court Studies Militant's Quash Plea," Los Angeles Times. |
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1970 |
August 30 |
Criticism levelled at lack of clarity in classification of conscientious objector process. |
The process by which conscientious objectors were classified lacked clarity and transparency. Criticisms levelled at the process included prejudice regarding applicant appearance and the lack of understanding of the draft law by draft boards, among others. "Objector Cases Widen Draft Board-Critic Gap," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
September 20 |
Effectiveness of human relations commissions questioned by citizens. |
Citizens questioned whether the human relations commissions set up by cities like Santa Ana and Fullerton were qualified to deal with the radical demands being placed in front of them. While the sincerity of commission members was not being questioned, they were disconnected from the minority communities they were supposed to be assisting. "Human Relation Units: Can They Do the Job?," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
October 28 |
Black plays performed on campus. |
Three "black plays" were presented by the Performing Arts Society of Los Angeles in the Little Theatre. The plays included In Sickness and in Health; Sister Selena Got the Gift; and Black Mass. The event was sponsored by the BSU and the Associated Students. The Performing Arts Society of Los Angeles was directed by Vantile E. Whitfield in the Watts area. It was created "with hopes of directing black youth toward the performing arts." It received an award in 1969 from the Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle. "BSU to Host Black Plays," The Daily Titan/ |
1970 |
October 29 |
Chicano students increasingly interested in heritage and fight for equality. |
According to Dan Estrada, Chicano students were growing more conscious about their heritage and the need for equality. Estrada explained the origins of Movimiento Estudiantil Chicano de Aztlan (MECHA) and how it sparked a need for changes in understanding who Chicanos were. "Chicano Power Comes Alive," The Daily Titan. |
1970 |
October 31 |
City Administrator orders Hillcrest Park to remain closed in opposition to human relation commission's resolution to reopen. |
City Administrator William E. Cornett issued an order for Hillcrest Park to remain closed and to have mace distributed to police in preparation for possible confrontation with the Hillcrest Liberation Front (HLF), a "group of militant, long-haired youths" who vowed a nonviolent return to the park, closed or not. The demands made by the HLF included: reopen Hillcrest Park; permit electrified rock performances; limit police activity to routine patrols; drop all charges against those previously arrested. Cornett's order was in opposition to the unanimous resolution by an 11-member human relations commission to reopen the park after hearing from 45 speakers. Cornett planned to contact student body presidents and local high schools and colleges in an attempt to encourage youth cooperation. "Fullerton Official Concerned Over Cost of Policing Park," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
November 4 |
President of National Chicano Moratorium Committee speaks on campus. |
Rosalio Munoz, who was president of the National Chicano Moratorium Committee, spoke on campus about his work and the need for Chicanos to understand the rates at which they were being sent to the war in Vietnam. "Chicanos make up only 4 or 5 per cent of the population but they comprise 25 percent of the wounded and dead in Vietnam." "Chicano Leader's Talk Scheduled for Today," The Daily Titan. |
1970 |
November 10 |
Solutions sought in policing Hillcrest Park. |
Fullerton City Administrator William E. Cornett Jr. was concerned about the cost of providing police protection for Hillcrest Park rock concerts. Concerts were being patrolled by "young monitors" who were doing a good job at crowd control, and adding police in case of a disturbance would cost $2,500, which was not in the city budget. A potential solution, according to Cornett, was to collect money from concertgoers. Simultaneously, the Hillcrest Liberation Front (made up of former CSUF militants) filed an application to hold a four-band rock concert in the park. According to James Cowie Jr. (parks and rec director), the permit was expected to be issued unless the "police find objections to the bands." "Fullerton Official Concerned Over Cost of Policing Park," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
November 14 |
Permit issued to stage rock concert in Hillcrest Park. |
"Utopia" was issued a permit to stage a rock concert in Hillcrest Park after a similar permit was denied to the Hillcrest Liberation Front. However, due to an emergency amendment prepared by City Attorney Reginald Gustaveson ruling out future rock music events, this could have been the last such permit issued for the park. This amendment was to be presented to the city council in the days after Utopia's concert, and if approved, would go into effect immediately. Other permits had been rejected due to advertising for the events that promoted "breaking the law." City officials wanted to pass the amendment not only because of the illicit behavior occurring at the events, but also because of the rising costs associated with policing them. "Fullerton Oks Permit for Hillcrest Concert," Los Angeles Times. |
1970 |
November 15 |
Harvard Law recruiter to speak with Chicano students. |
Miguel Arivilla from Harvard Law School came to CSUF to recruit Chicano students. He also represented 20 other universities in the Boston area. Students met with him in conference room 1 of the Student Union from 9 AM-12 PM. "Law Recruiter Slated to Talk With Chicanos," The Daily Titan. |
1970 |
December 8 |
Chicano students hold walk out over rejected proposal to establish standalone Chicano Studies program. |
After acting President L. Donald Shields rejected their proposal to split Chicano Studies from the NEH and create separate programs, a group of 175 Chicano students and community members walked out in protest. "Shields Turns Down Request; Chicanos Walk Out in Protest," The Daily Titan. |
1970 |
December 20 |
Youth attempt to explain contentious relationship with the police. |
John Atherton III (21), a conscientious objector and the minister of information for the Yippies, as well as other youth moderates and militants were interviewed as to why the youth and police had such a contentious relationship. "Young People vs. Police: Why the Conflict?," Los Angeles Times. |
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1971 |
January 7 |
SDS-sponsored rally held to aid Angela Davis. |
On January 6, Shirley Williams, a spokesperson for the National United Committee to Free Angela Davis, spoke to CSF students at an SDS-sponsored rally in the Little Theatre to over 300 people. Davis was arraigned on January 6 on charges of kidnapping and murder from a gun battle at the Marin County Courthouse the previous year. "Aid for Angela Davis Sought at SDS Rally," The Daily Titan. |
1971 |
January 28 |
Three day march and police station picket planned as Chicano protest against police brutality. |
Orange County supporters of the Chicano Moratorium Committee planned to picket Orange County police stations as part of a three-day weekend march. Numbers were expected to exceed 150 Chicanos (mainly high school and college-aged students) participating to protest police brutality. They were to march from El Salvador Park to the Santa Ana Police Station, where they would picket for an hour; then, they would be car lifted to the Fullerton Police Department to picket before going to Placentia to stay overnight (where food and lodging were arranged by St. Joseph's Catholic Church). After attending a 6:30 AM Saturday mass, marchers would head to CSUF-- visiting Truslow Barrio en route-- and stop at Hillcrest Park. La Habra and Whittier police stations would also be picketed; after spending the night in Norwalk, they would meet up with Chicanos from other cities for a rally in Belvedere Park in East Los Angeles. "Chicanos Due to Picket 3 Police Stations," Los Angeles Times. |
1971 |
February 2 |
Marines arrested in conjunction with assault of off-duty officer. |
Four Marines were arrested for assaulting off-duty patrolman Patrick Bonner-- a fight broke out between the five at the intersection of Red Hill and Bryan Ave. when the Marines started shouting obscenities at Bonner's wife. A passing motorist with a tire iron held the Marines at bay until cops arrived and Bonner was treated for head injuries. "Officer Assaulted, 4 Marines Held," Los Angeles Times. |
1971 |
February 8 |
Head of New Educational Horizons at CSUF departs to pursue doctorate. |
Fleming, one of the key forces in ensuring Black students were properly supported, left CSUF to pursue his doctorate in education at Columbia University or Harvard. Fleming helped to establish the New Educational Horizons at CSUF. In his resignation letter, Fleming recommended that a Chicano become the new head of the NEH on campus. "Fleming Resigns Post, Seeks Doctoral Degree," The Daily Titan. |
1971 |
February 20 |
First Unruh Fair Housing Act awarded to Penny Owens in Orange County. |
The first judgment under the Unruh Fair Housing Act was awarded in an Orange County small claims court when Judge Max Eliason awarded $250 and costs to Ms. Penny Owens (a member of the Fullerton Fair Housing Council), who alleged Mrs. Lilyn Jackson refused to rent her an apartment after telling her by phone it was available because she was Black. "$250 Awarded to Victim of Housing Bias," The Los Angeles Times. |
1971 |
February 25 |
Gay liberation speaker claims unity will result in success. |
Reverend Perry of the "pro-homo" Metropolitan Church Committee in Los Angeles spoke on campus about gay liberation. "As long as we're united, we are not afraid of anybody or anything any more. We can do anything we want to do." "Gay Liberation Speaker Claims 'We Will Overcome' Pressures," The Daily Titan. |
1971 |
February 26 |
Delano farmworkers supported by campus MECHA food drive. |
MECHA held a food drive for farmworkers in Delano but noted it was difficult in Orange County. "According to Steve Galicia, Chicano studies sophomore, Orange County has one of the highest median incomes in the state of California, but people donate less here than in most other counties." "MECHA Food Drive Aids Farm Worker's Plight," The Daily Titan. |
1971 |
March 4 |
Contrary to administration claims, CSUF students affirm ethnic problems on campus. |
Although the CSUF administration felt there were no "ethnic problems," students contradicted the assessment. Ignacio Lucero, senior, commented, "The CSF administration thinks that there is no ethnic problem here at school - and that in itself is a serious problem." Lennie Trujillo, a sophomore in history, reiterated the need for people of color to teach history to students; specifically, he wanted a Chicano or Mexican-American instructor to teach Chicano history and not a white person. Another student Steve Galicia was concerned that Black and brown students did not mix. NEH student Pierre Hargiomdeguy noted that lack of funds for the minority students was the real culprit and stereotypes. "Whites think all Chicanos or Blacks are the same. We may be black and brown in color, but we are each different inside." "Ethnic Problems at CSF Voiced," The Daily Titan. |
1971 |
March 24 |
CSUF football coach denies charges of racism levelled by former players. |
While requested by campus administration and friends to make no public statements, CSUF football coach Dick Coury denied charges of racism levelled against him by former players. Two former Chicano students claimed that Coury's prohibition of long hair and mustaches suppressed their "cultural characteristics." Mentioning his own Syrian-Lebanese descent, Coury claimed that football was about the rules of the game and not ethnic/cultural background and believed the controversy was about hair (as the rules applied to all team members) and not race. Dean of Students Ernest Becker said the university took the charges seriously and would recommend procedural changes when its report is complete. "Titans' Coury Denies Charges of 'Racism'," Los Angeles Times. |
1971 |
March 25 |
First of its kind Black history and culture week sponsored on campus by BSU. |
The BSU sponsored a week of cultural activities to help students learn more about Black history and culture. In addition to lectures, films, and speeches, the week included a Black Fashion and Talent Show in the Little Theatre. It was the first event of its kind at CSUF. "Culture Week Planned," The Daily Titan. |
1971 |
April 9 |
Former Santa Ana police officer James Foley charged with one count of battery in beating of Oscar Rodriguez. |
Former SAPD officer James Edward Foley was charged by the district attorney with one count of battery in the beating of Oscar Rodriguez after Rodriguez filed a complaint with the SAPD. Rodriguez said this was an unprovoked assault after an interaction with Foley and eight other officers at a pool hall. As a result of this, his nose was broken when an officer punched him and another hit him with a pool cue. Foley had submitted his resignation prior to the assault and the gathering at the pool hall was a going away party. "Former Santa Ana Policeman Charged With Beating Youth," Los Angeles Times. |
1971 |
April 15 |
CSUF student volunteers survey resident attitudes towards fair housing. |
CSUF engaged in a week-long campaign (April 19-25) for fair housing. The week was established by the Fullerton City Council, the Orange County Board of Supervisors, and Governor Ronald Reagan. CSUF student volunteers undertook surveys of residents on their attitudes towards fair housing. "Fair Housing Campaign Set," The Daily Titan. |
1971 |
April 20 |
CSUF begins Mexican-American oral history project after a campus talk eliminated Mexican-Americans from La Habra history. |
On March 24, Esther Cramer gave a talk entitled "La Habra: the Pass through the Hills" at CSUF and was charged with racism by Chicano students. As a result, CSUF embarked on an oral history program seeking the experience of Mexican-Americans. Ernest W. Toy, Jr., CSUF librarian, issued a call for interviewees and bilingual interviewers. "Oral History Begins," The Daily Titan. |
1971 |
April 22 |
18-year olds approved to vote in California. |
California ratified a proposed amendment on April 21 to lower the state's voting age to 18. Although Governor Reagan was opposed to the change, he did not campaign to defeat it. "California Approves 18-Year-Old Vote," The Daily Titan. |
1971 |
April 28 |
11 Santa Ana officers suspended for withholding knowledge on Foley's beating of Rodriguez. |
After a 19-year-old youth was allegedly beaten by a former officer, 11 officers received suspensions ranging from two to 24 days. These suspensions were a result of the officers having varying degrees of knowledge of the incident but failing to properly report it. While the officers' names were withheld, the district attorney charged former officer James E. Foley (30) with the illegal assault of Oscar Rodriguez. According to SAPD Chief Allen, the altercation took place at a going away party for two officers when one of them attempted to learn the name of a suspect involved in the fracturing of SAPD Officer Alexander Paulsen's skull with a pool cue two nights earlier. "11 Santa Ana Police Officers Suspended," Los Angeles Times. |
1971 |
April 29 |
Owens recounts successful fair housing lawsuit to students. |
Penny Owens spoke on campus about her successful lawsuit in small claims court because she was discriminated against based on her race when she attempted to rent an apartment in Fullerton. Owens used the Fullerton Fair Housing Committee in her court case which sent renters to the same unit and were given permission to move in right away. Owens’ case benefitted from the Unruh Fair Housing Act, which made it illegal to discriminate against a person for housing based on race. "Local Woman Talks About Housing Fight," The Daily Titan. |
1971 |
May 5 |
Chicano student candidates propose increasing minority student population. |
Four Chicano students running for AS positions proposed increasing minority students on campus because the New Educational Horizons program did not recruit enough new students. In addition, Abe Moya proposed a Students' Civil Rights Court which would recommend disciplinary action to the administration when an instructor behaved in a racist way or expressed racist opinions. The court would not be able to reprimand faculty but could make suggestions to the administration. "Four Candidates Attack Minority Policy," The Daily Titan. |
1971 |
May 9 |
UCI's BSU host Black Cultural Conference. |
UCI's Black Cultural Conference, sponsored by the BSU, scheduled BPP cofounder Huey P. Newton to speak. UCI's BSU is one of the most active student groups on any Orange County campus. Other participants in the conference included comedian Dick Gregory, Los Angeles Councilman Thomas Bradley, poet Sister Sarah Fabio, and musician Donny Hathaway. Multicultural organizations like the BSU and MEChA began developing a wide variety of programs for the campus and community, with a positive focus. "UCI Black Conference Aims at Positive Image," Los Angeles Times. |
1971 |
May 26 |
Chicano students claim to be targets of racial discrimination at Santa Ana Unified School District Board of Trustees meeting. |
Before a meeting of the SAUSD Board of Trustees, Chicano students from three Santa Ana High Schools claimed they were the target of racial discrimination and harassment on campus. According to Manuel P. Mendez (interim chairman of the Mexican-American Committee for Better Education and member of the Orange County Human Relations Council), these allegations were made after meetings with parents and students and after the transfer of students to new schools exposed underlying problems. Mendez presented a list of 14 grievances, including double standards for white and Anglo students and not enough Chicano representation in school faculty and staff. The board directed Supt. Charles Keeney to investigate the charges presented. "Harassment at School Cited by Chicanos," Los Angeles Times. |
1971 |
May 27 |
School bond victory attributed to Santa Ana minority communities. |
Santa Ana's Black and Mexican-American communities were credited with the passage of a school bond dedicated to school construction and improvement. "Minorities Credited for School Bonds Victory," Los Angeles Times. |
1971 |
June 11 |
Santa Ana YWCA offers workshop on eliminating racism. |
The Santa Ana-South Orange YWCA offered a one-day workshop entitled "One Imperative: The Elimination of Racism," which was to include a screening of the film The Man Nobody Saw and presentations by female community leaders and experts. "YWCA Offers Seminar on Eliminating Racism," Los Angeles Times. |
1971 |
July 11 |
Santa Ana School Board appoints 90 residents to citizen's advisory committee. |
Ninety residents were appointed by the Santa Ana School Board to a citizen's advisory committee on the location of new schools. Although citizen input was acknowledged as important, its feasibility was questioned with the sheer number of those involved. A smaller, representative group was proposed as an alternative solution. "90-Count 'em-90 Members," Los Angeles Times. |
1971 |
July 28 |
Orange County Fair Housing Council member speaks of need for assistance for minorities seeking housing. |
Camille Beason of the Orange County Fair Housing Council was interviewed on the need for assistance for minorities seeking housing because most Orange County landlords would not rent to ethnic and racial minorities. The Council investigated cases of discrimination and sent in people to double check the availability of the units. If discrimination was established, the owner of the rental would be contacted. If nothing happened after that, a complaint would be filed at the Fair Employment Practices Commission. Beason admitted that the forms to issue a complaint were complicated and required affidavits from those who tested the rental. "County Council Helps Minorities Find Housing," The Daily Titan. |
1971 |
August 26 |
School bussing to begin in Santa Ana in 1972. |
Starting in September 1972, Santa Ana students would be bussed to even out racial and ethnic distribution. This decision was a 4-0 vote by the SAUSD board to comply with state integration standards, which iterated that schools varying in ethnic or racial makeup could not deviate more than 15% from the school district population range. Only six out of 23 schools met this standard, so in order to achieve balance, more than 1,700 K-5 students would be bussed and walking area boundaries would be redrawn. SAUSD was 58% white, 33% Mexican-American, 8% Black, and 1% other. Part of the decision to wait a whole year was that seven schools were being rebuilt to create middle schools. "Santa Ana Schools to Bus Students in 1972," Los Angeles Times. |
1971 |
September 27 |
Fullerton Police Department charged with racism by city students. |
Five students from CSF and Fullerton Junior College charged the Fullerton Police Department with racism. Charles Smith, the leader of the men, gave his four recommendations to fix the FPD to the Fullerton Human Relations Commission. Two of the students were exchange students from Ghana; one testified that he had been stopped seven times in front of his home in Sunny Hills. The reasons for stopping the student were never satisfactory. A Fullerton High School student was also stopped and searched without cause. One FJC student was arrested and interrogated when he was standing outside the apartment where he lived and talking with another tenant, a woman. The student was not allowed to call her as a witness to support him. Smith was a former Marine who moved to the city in 1969 and was successful in persuading the Commission to investigate the cases. The five students were accompanied by two white "friends." The demands included a reform of the FPD's interrogation processes in that the FPD should, as soon as possible, hire a professional criminologist to train the police on how to not stereotype people based on their ethnic and racial background. The group also wanted a Civilian Screening Committee appointed by the Fullerton City Council and that they conduct interviews of all prospective employees of the department. Additionally, the group wanted the Civilian Screen Committee to include "one black, one brown, one woman, one yellow, one long-haired student, and one psychologist." Smith relayed that Blacks in Fullerton had a hard time, "We are a bit disillusioned, more or less disappointed. We didn't expect this kind of stuff to happen in California -- we'd heard too much about people being treated equally here. We have never had problems in other cities...I hate to bring it up, but we feel there is a true amount of racial prejudice and discrimination at all levels of the Fullerton Police Department." Smith stated that as a Black man, he could not walk down the street in Fullerton without being stopped and questioned by the police. The Fullerton Police Chief Bornhoft denied the charges, backed his officers entirely, and argued they would do the same procedures in the future. Smith did not have hope for much change, but a meeting with students and the FPD's community relations officer, Sergeant Joe Harberth, was to be held on October 4 at Fullerton City Hall. "FPD Accused of Racism," The Daily Titan. |
1971 |
September 30 |
Students move forward with their complaint against Fullerton police. |
Charles Smith and four other Black students from FJC and CSUF brought their complaint to Fullerton's City Administrator William Cornett. The group had drawn attention to the harassment they received over the last five months. Smith planned to take his case to the Fullerton City Council if nothing was fixed. One of the students lived in Sunny Hills and was foreign student P.K. Yamkah from Ghana who lived with Rabbi Haim Asa. "Harassment Charged: Blacks Assail FPD," The Daily Titan. |
1971 |
October 6 |
The Girl Scouts USA attempt to recruit increased number of minority scouts. |
While the Girls Scouts had always been open to everyone, the Orange County Girl Scouts Council (OCGSC) discovered that certain populations (minority and economically disadvantaged in particular) were poorly represented. After the national GSC had a meeting to discuss reaching out to Black girls, members in Orange County did the same for Latina girls. The Orange County council was developing special ethnic scouting programs, and there were seven active troops and seven formative troops. They also ensured that no one ever needed to purchase a new uniform. "Scouts Beckon Minority Girls," Los Angeles Times. |
1971 |
October 23 |
10-point program to end discrimination against Mexican-Americans issued by employees. |
A 10-point program was laid out by Mexican-American county government employees to end discrimination, who also voted to form their own organization to carry out the program. Mexican-Americans represented 4.6% of county employees even though they represented 8.2 - 12% of the county's population. "Latin Workers Outline Plan to Curb Bias," Los Angeles Times. |
1971 |
October 23 |
16-year-old runaway shot by Santa Ana police officer Michael Lanner. |
Don L. Hall died after being shot with a 12-gauge shotgun by Officer Michael Lanner outside a 7-11 in Santa Ana. Hall, a 16-year-old runaway, attempted to flee a holdup and had run outside wearing a mask and waving a .22 caliber revolver. When officers called for him to stop, he crouched and pointed his gun at officers and then ran toward them-- it was then that Lanner shot him. "Masked Boy Killed by Police at Scene of Market Holdup," Los Angeles Times. |
1971 |
November 4 |
Fullerton City Council hears case to reform police department. |
Charles Smith took his case to reform the FPD to the Fullerton City Council on Tuesday, November 2. The council decided to study it. "City Studies Problem, Blacks Present Charges," The Daily Titan. |
1971 |
November 10 |
3 different minority organizations to split $5,000 from the Associated Student government. |
The Associated Student government voted to allocate $5,000 to three different groups: MECHA, the Black Student Union, and Misi Toi Yah (an Indian group). "AS Allots $5,000. Funds Divided by Minorities," The Daily Titan. |
1971 |
November 12 |
Program started to assist students find housing. |
Howard Thomas was the commissioner of the AS Titan Seal Housing program and helped students with finding housing. Thomas stated, "We are equipped to investigate and correct discriminatory practices by landlords and have the support of the county's Fair Housing council to do so." Over the summer, CSF and FJC created a pamphlet with a listing of nearly 70 apartments to rent from. "Apartment Hunting? Talk to Thomas for Assistance," The Daily Titan. |
1971 |
December 23 |
Community Relations Committee on the search for the ideal Fullerton Police officer. |
The Fullerton Police-Community Relations Committee began the quest for the ideal FPD officer-- "Officer Simpatico" --who would be judged for qualities including kindness, sense of humor, justice, emotional stability, and sensitivity. The selected officer would be saluted on May 1, Law Day. "Hunt Slated for 'Officer Simpatico'," Los Angeles Times. |
1971 |
December 26 |
Native Americans Orange County's fastest growing minority, but least likely to stay. |
Native Americans were Orange County's fastest growing minority, migrating at a rate of about 40 per month. However, unlike other ethnic minorities, they were the most likely to then move on because of "cultural traits that conflict with urban society." "Urban Indians: a Conflict of Cultures," Los Angeles Times. |
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1972 |
January 13 |
Educator bias to be studied. |
A committee was formed to investigate charges leveled by parents that Principal Charles Colwell and Vice Principal Wayne Lubke, of Smedley Junior High, were repressive in their interactions with ethnic minority students. This contradicted Anglo parents' claims that the school's discipline was too lax-- particularly towards Black children who they claimed were mistreating their Anglo offspring. Smedley was roughly 50% Mexican-American and Black students. "Panel to Study Alleged Bias of Two Educators," Los Angeles Times. |
1972 |
January 20 |
Santa Ana landlord fined $500 for refusing to rent to a person of color. |
Harold Sipe, a Santa Ana apartment landlord, was ordered by the State Fair Employment Practices Commission to pay Doris Ennis $500 for refusing to rent to her the prior year. "Landlord Fined $500 in Rental Bias Case," Los Angeles Times. |
1972 |
January 27 |
Santa Ana school board to once again take up talks of racial tension and bias. |
The SAUSD board would once again discuss racial tensions and a request to replace Principal Charles Colwell and Vice Principal Wayne Lubke of Smedley Junior High. While Anglo parents supported the Smedley administrators, minority parents alleged that teachers were allowed to be repressive in the treatment of their children. "Board Will Resume Racial Tension Talks," Los Angeles Times. |
1972 |
February 3 |
Smedley Junior High Principal asks for less stressful reassignment. |
Under fire for charges of discriminatory practices, Smedley Junior High Principal Charles Colwell asked to be reassigned to a position with "less pressure." Colwell resigned after continued school board deliberations and was on medical bed rest. "Principal at Smedley Asks for New Post," Los Angeles Times. |
1972 |
February 23 |
Affirmative Action program instituted. |
Affirmative Action went into place at an executive level and mandated that any institution using federal funds must abide by its goals. According to President Shields, "The CSF goal is to achieve within each academic department, support unit and the college as a whole, a diverse, balanced faculty, staff and administration, dedicated to and qualified for providing excellence in an education institution." "Affirmative Action Program. Policy Insures Minority Hiring," The Daily Titan. |
1972 |
March 11 |
Tice wins $2000 for officer mistreatment following Sasscer murder. |
Ricky C. Tice was awarded $2000 by a federal district court judge on the grounds of officer mistreatment following the murder of Nelson Sasscer. Tice and his older brother were key witnesses in the trial of Arthur League, who was found guilty of second-degree murder in the slaying of Sasscer. "Man Wins $2000 in Suit Against Police," Los Angeles Times. |
1972 |
March 15 |
Bussing still planned in Santa Ana, but at reduced levels. |
SAUSD announced plans to bus between 900 to 1000 students (a reduction from the initial 1700 proposed) from three sectors of the city as part of an integration plan. This number was altered as officials felt it put too much of a burden on minority families. The bussing was to begin in September 1973 and included 500 Anglo students, 200 Black students, and 150 Mexican-American students; this was tied to the completion of new schools to replace ones that had been condemned. While there were voices of opposition, officials held firm that if said integration was made by court order versus these voluntary plants, that a much wider swath of the student body might have been subject to bussing. "District Unveils Busing Plan for Schoolchildren," Los Angeles Times. |
1972 |
April 6 |
Interdenominational participation to build permanent home for Calvary Baptist. |
Diverse community members pitched to help build a permanent home for Calvary Baptist Church in time for Easter services. This effort was spearheaded by Roman Catholic Fred Weinstock, who handled negotiations to buy the lot, became a member of Calvary's board of trustees, and attended worship services at both churches. "Few Build Sanctuary for Use by Many," Los Angeles Times. |
1972 |
April 14 |
SCLC member speaks of relationship with MLK. |
On April 13, Dr. Booker T. Anderson of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference spoke before 100 people in the Little Theatre about Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., who Anderson was close friends with prior to King's assassination in 1968. "America's Woes Blamed on Racists; Anderson Explains King's Solution," The Daily Titan. |
1972 |
April 19 |
Wrestler also interested in the arts. |
Maurice Howard was a junior who defined himself as an artist, a wrestler and a musician. He was an art major. Originally from Waco, Texas, Howard grew up in Riverside, California and had the most wins on the wrestling team. "Art, Wrestling and Music Bring Happiness," The Daily Titan. |
1972 |
April 28 |
Racist graffiti on campus. |
Racists defaced the "supergraphics" in the Student Union. On the section painted by Maurice Howard, someone tagged over the phrase "Black is Beautiful" and wrote the word "Nigger." Black students on campus felt under siege. "Racism Gone?," The Daily Titan. |
1972 |
May 13 |
CSUF sociology students charged with arson after burning hung effigy of Nixon. |
Thomas Edward Goodwin (23) and Michael Calagna (29), CSUF sociology students, were arrested for arson after an effigy of President Nixon was hanged and a barricade on State College Blvd. was lit on fire as part of a Vietnam War protest. The next day, at a rally for presidential candidate George McGovern, funds for Goodwin and Calagna's defense were collected. "Students Face Arson Charges in War Protest," Los Angeles Times. |
1972 |
June 8 |
Students of color stage walk out to participate in rally despite suspension threats. |
Several hundred Black and Mexican-American students walked out of three high schools and two junior highs to participate in a rally at El Salvador Park despite threats of suspension. This rally was intended to underscore the list of demands submitted earlier that week calling for more personnel of color, revision of discipline policy, mandatory ethnic study programs, and rebuilding of condemned Franklin Elementary School. At the rally they also called for the removal of certain administrators, security guards, etc. The students who participated in the walkout were promised assistance by the ACLU, Legal Aid Society, and the Law Warrantee Fund. "Latin, Black Pupils Stage Walkout to Dramatize Demands," Los Angeles Times. |
1972 |
June 9 |
100 suspended students to miss final exams. |
One hundred of the two hundred fifty minority students who participated in walkouts were expected to miss final exams and would have to complete makeup exams after the school year had ended. Students who participated in the walkout came from Santa Ana High School, Valley High School, Saddleback High School, and Lathrop Junior High. "In Wake of Walkout: 100 Suspended Pupils to Miss Final Exam," Los Angeles Times. |
1972 |
June 29 |
Police brutality charges issued by La Jolla Barrio in South Placentia after confrontation. |
The La Jolla Barrio in South Placentia issued charges of police brutality at an event last week in which the Placentia police entered the neighborhood to find a car that had been speeding. An officer approached a car on a block that could not have been the car in question because it was out of service. The officer attempted to investigate the car when a man working underneath it began "yelling obscenities" which caused the officer "to fear for his life" and call a backup unit. By the time backup arrived, a crowd of neighbors had gathered and allegedly began throwing rocks and bottles at the police cars. Feeling intimidated, this police officer called for more units. The police chief then called the League of United Latin American Citizens to help mediate the event but the president of LULAC, Emilio Gomez, was "allegedly beated by police during the melee." According to residents, a crowd had formed to watch a fire at the Shamrock apartments and police behaved roughly with women and children. The barrio was off of La Jolla Boulevard and the police blocked it off. Residents were allegedly hit with batons, a dog was maced, and one resident was knocked unconscious for asking what had happened. Not only did the event take place Sunday night, but also it continued on Monday night as well. Residents Frank Burciaga, Rose Orozco, and Gloria Lopez gave testimonies about what occurred in order to stop the violence in the neighborhood at the hands of the police. "South Placentia Violence Brings Charges of Police Brutality," The Daily Titan. |
1972 |
June 30 |
Unanimous vote by Placentia City Council to investigate police brutality charges. |
Placentia City Council unanimously voted to ask the district attorney to investigate charges of police brutality in ending riots in the La Jolla barrio, a vote put forward by former FBI agent, Councilman Robert Finnell. The riots resulted in the injury of four officers and 13 civilians. "Placentia Asks Police Brutality Investigation," Los Angeles Times. |
1972 |
September 22 |
Largest apartment management firms in Orange County agrees to comply with federal program to expand minority housing opportunities. |
Covington Brothers, one of the largest apartment managing firms in Orange County, agreed to comply with a federal program designed to expand rental opportunities for minority groups and eliminate discriminatory housing practices. This came as the result of a civil suit against the management company, alleging they were in violation of the 1968 Fair Housing Act due to multiple discriminatory practices. By signing the consent decree, Covington Brothers agreed to (amongst other things): keep records for three years of any minority individual inquiring about, inhabiting, or being rejected for a Covington property; submit records to the US District Court every three months; notify the Orange County Fair Housing Council of any vacancies monthly; include fair housing statements in print collateral; spend at least 10% of ad budget on periodicals with a predominantly Black circulation. The decree was signed by Judge Warren J. Ferguson. "Rental Discrimination Charged: County Firm Agrees to Obey Antibias Rules," Los Angeles Times. |
1972 |
September 28 |
Mexican-American parents keep 200 students home from school in protest of lack of available buses. |
Two hundred Mexican-American children were held home from school by their parents until the school district provided buses for their children, who had to walk almost a mile across busy streets to get to elementary school. These children formerly attended McKinley Elementary, which was torn down because it was not earthquake safe and the SAUSD decided not to rebuild as part of plans for desegregation. "Central Santa Ana Parents Withhold Children From School," Los Angeles Times. |
1972 |
October 6 |
Santa Ana chairman Ronald Caspers asked to publicly apologize for racial slur against Chicano employee organization. |
Santa Ana Chairman of the Board of Supervisors, Ronald Caspers, was being demanded by angry Chicano leaders to publicly apologize for a racial slur against their community, referring to the Adelante (Mexican-American government employee organization) as the "Adelante Bandidos." Caspers also suggested that the county seat should be moved from Santa Ana, as it does not have a "normal ethnic base." "Chicano Leaders Ask Apology for Caspers 'Bandidos' Remark," Los Angeles Times. |
1972 |
October 16 |
20 students continue to be kept at home over lack of bus transportation. |
Only 20 central Santa Ana Mexican-American school kids, out of the original 200, continued to be held out from school in an attempt to pressure school officials to provide bussing transportation to Wilson School after their former school, McKinley, was torn down. As that point, only a bus for the very youngest children was provided, but parents said that the streets were dangerously busy, and children of any age should not be required to cross. "Santa Ana School Boycott Dwindles" |
1972 |
October 25 |
State Fair Employment Practice Commission report alleges Huntington Beach Union High School District not offering equal employment opportunities to minorities. |
Huntington Beach Union High School District (HBUHSD) accepted a State Fair Employment Practice Commission report alleging it was not offering equal employment opportunities to minorities. Findings included: all 34 non-teaching supervisors were Anglo; only one of 48 administrators or specialists was a woman; Mexican-American employees rated as satisfactory for 10 years never received a promotion. Recommendations by Jerry Malugeon of the FEPC included employing a minority hiring coordinator and appointing a top-level Mexican-American administrator. HBUHSD was the second Orange County school district investigated by the FEPC-- the first was the Anaheim Union High School District. "School Board Accepts FEPC Bias Charges," Los Angeles Times. |
1972 |
October 26 |
First BSU meeting held on campus. |
The Black Student Union attracted 250 Black students to its first meeting. "BSU Offers Home to Blacks," The Daily Titan. |
1972 |
November 13 |
Theater production of Black experience to be staged. |
Voices Inc., a Black musical theater group from Santa Ana College, was to stage a musical theater production portraying the Black experience from Africa to modern-day America. "Black Group Will Portray Negro Saga," Los Angeles Times. |
1972 |
November 17 |
Angela Davis speaks on campus. |
Angela Davis spoke in the Titan Gym about Liberation. The Young Americans for Freedom planned a protest against her for "naziism." Ms. Davis was a communist. Tickets were $1.50 each, and over 1,000 had been sold the morning of the event. "Davis Speaks 'On Liberation' Tonight," The Daily Titan. |
1972 |
November 18 |
In CSUF talk, Davis attacks racism and fascism in the US. |
Speaking in the CSUF gymnasium, activist Angela Davis attacked "racism" and "fascism" in the US, noting that people of color have always been the "first victims of oppression and repression in this country..." Davis announced that she would donate her $2000 speaking fee to a defense fund to free political prisoners. There were no incidents during her talk, but six individuals picketed outside the gym. "Angela Davis: 'Racism' Top Evil," Los Angeles Times. |
1972 |
November 21 |
Davis' talk attracts over 3,000 people. |
Over 3,000 people attended Angela Davis' talk in the Gym. Davis criticized President Nixon and discussed how racism and "creeping fascism" were threats to U.S. democracy. This event was recorded by Associated Students and played the following year as an event. "Davis Raps Racism, Fascism," The Daily Titan. |
1972 |
November 23 |
Study concluded Orange County government still practicing subtle discrimination. |
The Orange County government was charged by the California FEPC for continued subtle discrimination, despite adopting programs to end it. Findings from a nine-month study conducted by FEPC investigator Jerry Malugeon included: county government underutilized Mexican-Americans; minority workers paid less than Anglos and forced into lower class jobs; and women excluded from administration positions. However, Malugeon praised the county's efforts to develop and deploy their affirmative action program. "Some County Job Bias Reported in State Study," Los Angeles Times. |
1972 |
November 24 |
Santa Ana school district enrollments to reach near racial parity. |
Based on the trend of the previous five years, the next school year would be the first in which Anglo enrollment would not outnumber that of ethnic minorities in the Santa Ana School District. This was attributed to minority families having more children than Anglo families and not because of resident turnover, although there existed some statistical data that pointed to 'white flight.' "Anglo, Minority Enrollments Nearly Equal," Los Angeles Times. |
1972 |
December 10 |
School begun by CSUF professor to help Black youth develop self-awareness. |
Robert Brock (an Afro-ethnic studies professor at CSUF) started the African-American School of Quality Education to help Black youth develop self-awareness. Topics included culture, discipline, dance, fashion, grooming, drafting, typing, and sewing. "Black School Teaches Self Awareness, " Los Angeles Times. |
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1973 |
January 11 |
Orange County going to improve minority recruitment efforts in response to employment report. |
In part of a reply to a California Fair Employment Practices Commission report, County Administrative Officer Robert Thomas promised that Orange County was making every effort to recruit/promote minority populations. His claims were bolstered by an increase in minority workers over the past six months. He also promised that if the county failed continued progress, he would ask for a separate Affirmative Action Department. "County Making Every Effort in Minority Hiring, Aide Says," Los Angeles Times. |
1973 |
January 22 |
Murder of Black Muslim being investigated. |
Orange County and Harbor Division police departments investigated the execution-style shooting of a 22-year-old Black Muslim male from Santa Ana, Pinkey [Derango] Harris. The motive for murder was unknown and no suspects were in custody. "2-County Probe Pushed in Slaying of Black Muslim," Los Angeles Times. |
1973 |
January 23 |
Into week two, still no headway made in murder of Black Muslim. |
Investigations into Pinkey (Derango) Harris' death pushed into another week as no headway was made. "Black Muslim Murder Probed," Los Angeles Times. |
1973 |
February 11 |
Santa Ana Public Library hosts series of special programs in recognition of Negro History Week. |
Special programs were to be hosted by the Santa Ana Public Library in honor of Negro History Week and included concerts, a story time, poetry readings, and lectures. "Negro History Week Observances Slated," Los Angeles Times. |
1973 |
March 8 |
Black students urged to major in fields where jobs are available. |
Carlton Slater, a counselor at CSUF's Educational Opportunities Program, urged Black students to major in fields where there were jobs. Most Black students majored in sociology, psychology, and education, and the job prospects in those fields were very competitive. "Ethnically Speaking. Counselor Says No Work in Black Study Fields," The Daily Titan. |
1973 |
March 14 |
Police and Fire Departments in 28 California cities accused of discriminatory employment practices. |
Police and fire departments in 28 California cities, including Los Angeles, were accused of discriminatory employment practices, resulting in "gross underrepresentation" of racial minorities. Blacks and those with Spanish surnames only made up 5% of firefighters and 9% of the police force but made up 27% of the overall population. This was part of a complaint filed before the state FEPC by NAACP, League of United Latin-American Citizen, the American GI Forum, and the Mexican-American Political Association. Orange County cities included in the complaint were: Anaheim, Santa Ana, Huntington Beach, and Garden Grove. "28 Police, Fire Depts. Accused of Race Bias," Los Angeles Times. |
1973 |
March 20 |
Dance troupe brought to campus as part of Black Culture Week. |
The Black Student Union brought the dance troupe Movements to CSUF as part of Black Culture Week. "'Movements', 'Irvine Dancers' Spark Black Culture Week," The Daily Titan. |
1973 |
March 21 |
Fullerton Police Chief Bomhoff denies racial discrimination in talk delivered as part of Black Culture Week. |
Meeting with CSUF's Black students as part of Black Culture Week, Fullerton Police Chief Wayne Bornhoff denied any racial discrimination on the part of his police in a talk called "Justice in Orange County." Black students in the meeting confronted Bornhoff about the rate at which Black men were stopped and interrogated by the FPD, and Bornhoff's answers were so non-responsive it prompted the meeting's host James Guren to say, "I'm not saying take away the police, but if people like you are policing the police, you aren't doing a good job." About 80 people attended the event. Penny Owens, a Black resident, shared the podium with Bornhoff to relate her struggle finding an apartment to rent. Owens was a resident for over 38 years in Fullerton and was denied housing that, later in the day, was available to rent. "Bornhoff Denies Any FPD Discrimination," The Daily Titan. |
1973 |
March 22 |
Martha Darway gives advice to Black women. |
Martha Darway, both chairman of enrollment at the Long Beach Unified School District and a lecturer, spoke to CSUF on March 21 in the Little Theatre. Darway urged Black women to follow three goals. First, to not take self-definition from the "white man dictation." Second, Black women must educate their children on the environment where they live and the dangers they may encounter because they were Black. Third, she wanted the focus on Black women not be an afterthought, but to actually be the focus of attention. "Black Women's Role Within Society Discussed by Darway," The Daily Titan. |
1973 |
April 26 |
Curriculum Committee revisits its decision to drop Black history course. |
The Curriculum Committee revisited its decision to drop ETA 400. The history department argued that the course in Black Studies was redundant but failed to make its case. Furthermore, many argued that the history department should not determine course content for another department, especially one that formed because of the former’s inability to teach American history from a vantage point other than the White point of view. "Black History Course Gets Review," The Daily Titan. |
1973 |
May 9 |
New African travel abroad program introduced for Black students. |
The BSU introduced a summer program for Black students to travel to Africa through the Educators to Africa Association. Five students signed up for the program which cost $815 per person and included Sierra Leone, Ghana, Nigeria, and Zaria. "BSU Plans African Study/Travel Program," The Daily Titan. |
1973 |
May 17 |
Fullerton College claims police discrimination and is suing the city of Fullerton. |
Fullerton College student Charles D. Smith charged the FPD with engaging in discriminatory practices and stopping him at least twice a month to interrogate him. Smith moved to California from South Carolina and noted the FPD was much more racist in its stopping of Black men. In one example, Smith was riding a borrowed bicycle when the "police officer pulled me over because he said I sped up when I saw him." Furthermore, even though the bike was borrowed and not reported stolen by its owner, the officer brought charges against Smith for possession of a stolen bicycle. Smith was suing the City of Fullerton for "false arrest and imprisonment." He was assisted by Ralph Kennedy from the reform group known as Action for Better Law Enforcement. "FC Student Claims FPD Discrimination?," The Daily Titan. |
1973 |
May 25 |
Jim Newman files lawsuit against CSUF, alleging racial discrimination in hiring practices. |
Jim Newman of Compton College filed a lawsuit against CSUF alleging he was not considered for the new position of head basketball coach because he was Black. Newman's stellar record did not even earn him an interview. CSUF contended that it needed a coach who would "identify with Orange County" which appeared to be coded language. When asked why Newman was not hired despite being the top candidate, President Shields noted concerns about Newman's "emotional character." "CSUF Named in Civil Rights Action," The Daily Titan. |
1973 |
October 1 |
Anaheim Police Department reaches maximum employed. |
The Anaheim Police Department reached a maximum total of 280 with the swearing in of John L. Haradon. "Anaheim Police Get Manpower Maximum," Los Angeles Times. |
1973 |
October 25 |
New campus Minority Services Program begun. |
Ms. Pat Ramirez was put in charge of the new Minority Services Program. "Ramirez Coordinates New Minority Services Program," The Daily Titan. |
1973 |
November 8 |
Reenactment game in Fullerton attempts to raise racial consciousness. |
A reenactment between the Fullerton Board of Education members, educators, and citizens around the school closure of a minority-majority school aimed to "raise individuals' levels of consciousness about the frustrations involved in solving a problem like desegregation..." This reenactment game was part of a larger program called Project Understanding. "'Maple Game' Players Test Fullerton Racism," Los Angeles Times. |
1973 |
November 11 |
Cesar Chavez leads picketers in Santa Ana. |
The Safeway at Edinger and Main Street was picketed by Cesar Chavez and his followers as part of a larger boycott campaign against stores carrying table grapes, lettuce, or Gallo wine. The first boycott campaign in Orange County, Chavez received support from Peter Remmel, the executive secretary-treasurer of the Central Labor Council of Orange County, which represented 150,000 AFL-CIO members. Vivian Levine would organize the UFW pickets in Orange County. "Chavez Leads County Picketing," Los Angeles Times. |
1973 |
November 27 |
Russell Means speaks on campus. |
Russell Means of the American Indian Movement spoke on campus and explained the Siege at Wounded Knee. He spoke to a group of students in S104 and later he spoke to a crowd in the Gym. "Means Speaks Tonight," The Daily Titan. |
1973 |
December 13 |
A Black attorney speaks of difficulties with Fair Housing legislation. |
Gwendolyn Crockett, a Black female attorney, spoke at Santa Ana College about Fair Housing legislation and the difficulties in enforcement, interpretation, and trying violations in court. "An Insider's Look at Fair Housing Laws," Los Angeles Times. |
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1974 |
January 18 |
Orange County law enforcement agencies requested by Grand Jury to bar off-duty carrying of weapons, to mixed reaction. |
All Orange County law enforcement agencies were asked by the Orange County Grand Jury to bar off-duty officers from carrying handguns into bars after an off-duty officer-involved shooting incident took place at a Tustin bar. A telephone survey of police officials resulted in mixed reactions. "Police Reaction to Suggestions of Grand Jury Varies," Los Angeles Times. |
1974 |
February 4 |
Students unite to combat corporate abuse and discrimination. |
Rich Sumner, Director of the Office of Community Affairs, wrote a letter soliciting CSUF student accounts of abuses and to join other local universities, "Students at UCLA, Loyola Law School, Cal State Northridge, Long Beach, Los Angeles, San Bernardino, and Cal State Fullerton have decided it's about time blatant abuses were exposed and stopped. The Office of Community Affairs of the Associated Students here on campus have joined in working with the California Public Interest Research Group of the Los Angeles Region." "Volunteers Sought to Combat Corporate Abuse, Discrimination," The Daily Titan. |
1974 |
February 8 |
Black History Convention to be held in honor of Negro History Week. |
The Johnson Chapel African Methodist Episcopal Church was to hold a Black History Convention in honor of Negro History Week-- the theme would be "Black People Come in All Colors." Workshops on February 16 would include topics like Black history, law, health, literature, psychology, music, and religion. February 17 would feature papers written by Sunday School students about Richard Allen, the founder of AME, or Carter G. Woodsen, founder of Negro History Week. "Convention to Mark Negro History Week," Los Angeles Times. |
1974 |
March 3 |
Chicano clubs more complex than simply gangs. |
Seventeen-year-old John Valenzuela was stabbed to death on his way to school. SAPD labeled the murder as gang-related-- Valenzuela was part of the "United Browns" and his assailant, Marty Gutierrez, was part of the "F Troop"-- a conclusion supported by evidence. However, the lives of barrio youth were "too complex to be understood in terms of gangs." "Chicano Clubs: Violent Fact of Life in Barrio," Los Angeles Times. |
1974 |
March 4 |
Affirmative Action program benefitting range of students. |
Affirmative action was supposed to increase employment for minorities and women, but it also benefitted other students. According to CSUF president Donald Shields, women's athletics were already being augmented with more attention. "Students, Minorities Benefit Through Affirmative Action," The Daily Titan. |
1974 |
March 21 |
Author Alex Haley speaks about Black heritage and history on campus. |
Alex Haley, author of Roots, spoke at CSUF. His presentation was titled "Black Heritage -- A Saga of Black History" and took place in the Titan Gym at 8 PM. He was best known for the book The Autobiography of Malcolm X, and prior to his lecture, he attended a panel about it in H110 at 3:15 PM. "Haley Lecture Examines Black American Culture," The Daily Titan. |
1974 |
April 4 |
Minority organizations band together in law suit against city of Santa Ana. |
The NAACP, League of United Latin American Citizens, and individual plaintiffs Lawrence Felix and Ray Robinson filed suit against the city of Santa Ana over discrimination in the recruitment and hiring of minorities in the SAPD and SAFD. The representation of minorities in both departments did not reflect their representation in the population at large, similar to complaints and suits brought forth in other large cities across the US. Attorneys predicted that the suit would have a great impact on current hiring practices, as failure to integrate could have resulted in sanctions, including federal funding freezes. "NAACP Joins Suit in Santa Ana," Los Angeles Sentinel. |
1974 |
April 20 |
Two housing corporations have municipal lawsuit filed against them by the Orange County Fair Housing Council. |
The Orange County Fair Housing Council filed a municipal lawsuit against two housing corporations: Sholz Development Co. (owner of Shakewood Apts. in Fountain Valley) and Harbour Management Co. (owner of Casa del Sol Apts. in Huntington Beach). The suit charged that the defendants violated the Unruh Civil Rights Act and provisions of the 1968 Civil Rights Act, which barred various forms of identity-based discrimination. Each defendant had four causes of action listed against them, and the council asked for $10,000 in punitive and exemplary damages on each cause, plus fees. "Housing Bias Suit Filed Against Firms," Los Angeles Times. |
1974 |
April 21 |
Dixon Gayer antagonizes the far-right in Orange County. |
Dixon Gayer extensively investigated and wrote about white supremacists and other far-right political groups in Orange County. He started the Webster Quimmley Society to antagonize the JBS and published his own newsletter, The Dixon Line. "Liberal Thorn in...Right Wing's Side," Los Angeles Times. |
1974 |
May 1 |
Black instructor's home vandalized with Ku Klux Klan messages. |
In early April, the door of a Black instructor's home was vandalized with messages from the Ku Klux Klan. The instructor wished to remain nameless but said bumper stickers were left with messages like "You have been visited by the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan." The stickers were left on her front door twice. The instructor, a woman, remarked, "It's very strange, I've never been exposed to anything like this before. I was born and raised in Santa Monica." She reported it to the FPD who told the Daily Titan, "I am unaware of any local cases involving the KKK." She took her case to the Orange County District Attorney and to the Orange County Fair Housing Council. The incident may have been sent to the FBI for investigation. "Klan Messages Found on Door of Black Instructor," The Daily Titan. |
1974 |
September 17 |
Knotts Berry Farm's John Wayne Theater hosts The Miracles. |
The Miracles played three days in a row at the John Wayne Theater at Knotts Berry Farm. "DT Interview, Miracles Minus Smokey Attract Large Crowds," The Daily Titan. |
1974 |
November 21 |
Racism by CSUF coaches results in Black athlete boycott. |
Fifty CSUF athletes and their supporters met with Dr. Paul Pastor, who chaired health education, physical education, recreation and athletics. Apparently, CSUF coaches favored white athletes over Black athletes regardless of ability. One athlete also offered, "There's a constant degrading of Black athletes by the coaches and there's no communication between coaches and Black players either on or off the field." Football player Tony Booker noted that at the homecoming game, Head Coach Pete Yoder grabbed a player. Black athletes specifically wanted a Black coach. Titus Irvin, another football player, added, "Our whole team is based on what the Orange County 'superniggers' are going to do. When they need us, they come to us like we're the Black Brigade or something." Not only were players denied the right to start games, but also when they were injured on the field, the coaches did nothing to help them and players had to wait for someone to take them to the hospital. Others were angry that the money promised to them as part of their recruitment package was not honored. Black athletes across the sports noted their white counterparts had no problem getting the money they were promised. Pastor did not support a boycott but sympathized with the athletes. "Coaches Blamed. Black Athletes Boycott," The Daily Titan. |
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1975 |
February 3 |
CSUF football coach resigns. |
Titan football coach Pete Yoder resigned on December 31, 1974. Although an investigation into alleged discrimination against Black athletes found Yoder "guiltless," Yoder lost the enthusiasm for coaching at Fullerton. "Few were shocked" by this. Black athletes expressed disappointment with Yoder in November of last year and began a boycott of practices and games until Yoder resigned. The athletes ended their boycott over Thanksgiving weekend. Yoder gave the CSUF football program a "50/50" chance of survival because of the lack of enthusiasm for the game in the community. He was replaced by 30-year-old Jim Colletto, the youngest college coach in the U.S. When covering this story, the Daily Titan did not bother to interview the athletes. "Yoder Quits as Titan Football Coach. Colletto Signed, Youngest in the Nation," The Daily Titan. |
1975 |
February 9 |
Programs for Black History Week planned by McFadden Branch of Santa Ana Public Library. |
The McFadden Branch of the Santa Ana Public Library planned three programs for Black History Week including a concert from the Johnson Chapel African Methodist Episcopal Church choir who sang spirituals and gospels; a lecture on Black history; a puppet show; and a screening of Raisin in the Sun. "Black History Observance," Los Angeles Times. |
1975 |
March 18 |
CSUF Institute for Human Rights and Laws established. |
CSUF established the CSUF Institute for Human Rights and Laws – it was the first academic institute dedicated to providing students with "a working knowledge of basic Civil Rights laws." It was co-founded by assistant professor of ethnic studies Carl Jackson and Boaz Namasaka, and it would study executive orders and civil rights legislation passed, including Affirmative Action. “First Extensive Program. Civil Rights Explained by Institute," The Daily Titan. |
1975 |
March 19 |
Faculty promised that white men still wanted for jobs under Affirmative Action. |
President Donald Shields and Affirmative Action Coordinator Everett Winters wanted to assuage fears that white men were no longer wanted for jobs. "Although all higher education institutions are requested by the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) to extend a 'good faith' effort in hiring minorities and women, male whites are not to be discriminated against." "Discrimination Fear Alleged. Faculty Equal Opportunity Won't Reverse Backlash," The Daily Titan. |
1975 |
April 1 |
Poet Roscoe Lee Browne appears as part of campus' observance of MLK. |
On April 1, Roscoe Lee Browne appeared at the Student Union. His presentation on campus focused on "Black American" poetry and was part of the campus' observances of Martin Luther King, Jr. "Black Actor, Poet Will Appear in Student Union," The Daily Titan. |
1975 |
April 3 |
Dr. Ralph Abernathy appears as part of campus' observance of MLk. |
As part of the campus' observances of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Dr. Ralph Abernathy spoke on campus on April 2. Abernathy stressed the need to have minority representation in government. "Abernathy Urges Reforms," The Daily Titan. |
1975 |
April 10 |
Angela Davis to speak as part of a 'closed rap session.' |
The BSU of CSUF hosted Angela Davis to speak at CSUF and participate in a "closed" "rap session." The title of her talk was "Civil and Human Rights of Political Prisoners" and it was held in the Gym at 8:00 PM. The "rap session" brought the ire of many white students. Associated Students President Bonnie Sharpe announced she and the AS senators would boycott the events because "racism on the part of blacks or white is wrong, and limiting admission on the basis of it wrong." The event was originally supposed to be held at Chapman College, but its administration refused to allow her to speak on campus "because of the repercussions it might suffer from the community." "Angela Davis Speaks Tonight," The Daily Titan. |
1975 |
April 23 |
BSU denies charges of reverse racism against whites. |
Acting Executive Chair of the BSU Brenda Rochelle found charges that the organization was against whites to be "the biggest joke ever." On the contrary, Rochelle contended that all races were welcome-- Asian American and Chicano groups participated in Black Culture Week, but she saw few White students. Rochelle attributed the charges to the furor students had leading up to Angela Davis' "closed rap session" and that the Daily Titan was part of the problem in its coverage of the BSU. "BSU Denies Reverse Racist Allegation," The Daily Titan. |
1975 |
May 16 |
Malcom X's birthday recognized by campus Black Writers Workshop sponsored discussion. |
To recognize the 50th anniversary of the birth of Malcolm X, CSUF's Black Writers Workshop sponsored a discussion on May 19 in H123 at noon. The film Struggle for Freedom was shown following the discussion. "Malcolm X Discussion," The Daily Titan. |
1975 |
October 16 |
Daily Titan staff writer attends meeting in El Monte of National Socialist White People's Party. |
Daily Titan staff writer Rick Wilkins attended a meeting in El Monte the month prior in a rented hall at an unnamed prominent motel for the National Socialist White People's Party, formerly known as the American Nazi Party. The meeting was organized and led by Martin Kerr. Attendees included a 16-year-old girl from Downey and three male high school students from Long Beach, in addition to a dozen adults. Kerr read from Mein Kampf and expressed bigoted opinions directed to the high school boys who wanted to become "storm troopers." Kerr advised them, "Anyone can become a storm trooper. You don't have to join the NSWPP, you just have to hate niggers and Jews." Although a small organization, Kerr held out strong hopes. "He said that rich capitalists will start donating money to the organization and the membership will begin to swell as economic disaster becomes more imminent. He cites a $1,200 contribution to the NSWPP made by then-Attorney General John Mitchell during the last Presidential election. 'In return, we were supposed to discredit the Wallace campaign in California.'" "Nazis Herald New Revolution," The Daily Titan. |
1975 |
November 13 |
Originally intended to alleviate unrest, ethnic studies programs have since developed. |
According to the chair of Afro-ethnic studies, Wacira Gethaiga, the departments of ethnic studies or minority studies on most Orange County campuses were planned as a form of alleviating campus unrest but had since developed into independent programs and/or integrated into existing disciplines on some campuses. "Ethnic Programs Alleviate Unrest," The Daily Titan. |
1975 |
November 16 |
First minority oral history project spearheaded by CSUF faculty. |
Professors Wacira Gethaiga and Priscilla Oaks spearheaded the first oral history of "minority peoples" through their classes at CSUF. Their students had people come to their classes, interviewed them, and produced a hardbound book entitled Bound in Harvest with 20 interviews. "All interviews were conducted by biracial, bicultural student teams who scoured Orange County for representatives of Afro-American, American Indian, Mexican-American, Asian-American, and other minority communities." "Minority History Put on Tape. County Residents Talk to Cal State Fullerton Class," Los Angeles Times. |
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1976 |
March 4 |
CSUF's Space Allocation Committee has decided to evict BSU, MECHA, and the Intertribal Council from their campus offices, beginning in June. |
CSUF's Space Allocation Committee decided that the BSU, MECHA, and the Intertribal Council no longer needed to have offices and informed them they would need to vacate their offices on the first floor of the Science Building by June 1. The space was going to be taken over by the growing anthropology department. CSUF President Shields indicated the issue was out of his hands, but students from the respective groups feel they were getting the runaround. Wacira Gethaiga, chair of Afro-ethnic studies, lamented the loss of space for these marginalized groups and believed that it would affect them academically. "Minority Groups Forced Out of Headquarters in June," The Daily Titan. |
1976 |
March 30 |
BSU celebrates Black Awareness Week. |
The BSU celebrated "Black Awareness Week" from Wednesday to Friday. The three days were packed with panels, films, music, and a fashion show. "Black Awareness Week to Showcase Contributions," The Daily Titan. |
1976 |
April 6 |
Memorial services for MLK draw a crowd of 200 on campus. |
Two hundred people attended the April 5 memorial services to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Included in the service were the Co-Real Artists, actor Bernie Casey, and CSUF's Black Music Ensemble led by Professor Stan Breckenridge. The lead singer of the group was Freddie Maxie. "Memorial Services for King Draw 200 to Student Union," The Daily Titan. |
1976 |
April 7 |
Minority organizations on campus accuse faculty of harboring more racial biases than students. |
Based on a survey by UC Berkeley social scientists, representatives from the BSU and MECHA charged that the faculty at CSUF was far more racist than the students. BSU member Brenda Rochelle relayed the discrimination students endured, "Covert prejudice is more common than overt.... White students are interested but they are scared to approach us. They don't know how to talk with us." “Blacks Say Some Profs Biased," The Daily Titan. |
1976 |
October 1 |
Probe of county jails requested by group of Mexican-American advocacy organizations. |
A group of Mexican-American advocacy organizations requested a formal investigation into the Orange County Jail and charged that "local authorities are incapable of taking action to implement any needed improvements." The groups included the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC), Adelante, American GI Forum, the Federation of Mexican-American Women, the Committee of Spanish Speaking Social Workers and the NAACP sent a telegram to US Attorney General Edward Levi. Over the last two years, there had been over 12 deaths at the jail and half of those deaths were of Spanish speakers. The problem with the jail was laid out in a 1975-1976 County Grand Jury's annual report which found fault in the facility for a variety of issues including lack of punishment procedures for inmate to inmate violence, inadequate medical facilities, and criticism for the two deaths that occurred there in 1975. Attention to the problems at the jail came with an exposé by the Orange County Register newspaper which alleged the inmate to inmate violence was unchecked and included rape, assaults, and sometimes murder. "Mexican-American Coalition Asks Probe of County Jail. Group in Telegram to US Attorney General Cites Charges of Brutality, Possible Homicides," Los Angeles Times. |
1976 |
October 8 |
Faculty Council charged with gestapo tactics by Afro-ethnic department. |
CSUF's Faculty Council was charged with "gestapo tactics" by Carl Jackson of the Afro-ethnic department. The year prior, the department requested to the Faculty Council that AFRO 240A and B be allowed to fulfill the American history and government general education requirement. Their request, however, was not mentioned the day prior when the Faculty Council voted on which courses could fulfill the requirement. The Afro-ethnic department requested a postponement of the vote, but it was denied, causing Jackson to liken the Faculty Council's procedure to those of a fascist nation. When it made its request to the Faculty Council in 1975, it asked that should AFRO 240A and B not meet the general education requirements, the Afro-ethnic department should be allowed to develop a course to meet them. "Afro-ethnic Idea Rejected by FC," The Daily Titan. |
1976 |
October 28 |
CSUF job placement center dispels myth that minorities get special treatment on the job market. |
Sam Mendoza of CSUF's Placement Center sought to dispel the myth that Blacks and Mexican-Americans got special preferences in the job market. Rather, much more needed to be done to ensure minorities were represented in fields like computer science, chemistry, math, bilingual teaching, and accounting. For example, CSUF's engineering department could only boast of three students who were minorities. "In Today's Job Market No Special Treatment for Minorities," The Daily Titan. |
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1977 |
February 18 |
CSUF faculty member asked to serve as racial integration consultant for San Bernadino School District. |
Dr. Robert E. Jenkins, a professor at CSUF's School Administration in the School of Human Development and Community Services, was asked to serve as a consultant on racial integration for the San Bernardino School District specifically as it related to bussing due to his expertise in the matter. "CSUF Prof. Integration Consultant," The Daily Titan. |
1977 |
March 9 |
Students form association for Black communications majors. |
President of Blacks in Communication, Inc. Harrison Chastang announced the formation of the club on campus and explained its importance, "We feel that in 1977 minorities still are not properly represented in the field of mass communication, and little effort is being made to encourage minorities to study communications.” Although its name was "Blacks in Communication, Inc.," the club was open to anyone who shared the same goals and not limited to Black students. "Black Comm. Majors Form Association," The Daily Titan. |
1977 |
March 18 |
Faculty withdraws proposal for a course on minority genocide. |
Cheryl Armstrong of the Afro-ethnic studies department withdrew a proposed course on minorities and genocide because she felt it would not get a fair hearing by the Faculty Council Curriculum Committee. The Committee opposed the term "genocide" and felt it was inaccurate in describing the Black experience in the U.S. Armstrong received a marked-up version of her original proposal through the intra-campus mail; someone sent it anonymously to Armstrong full of "corrections" to her writing. "’The copy sent in a new intra-campus mail envelope anonymously criticized the grammar and had sections underlined in red markings,’ said Carl Jackson, chair of the Afro-studies department. He added that it had sections crossed out. Finally the copy mentioned the incoherence of the document." "Proposed Minority Genocide Class Withdrawn," The Daily Titan. |
1977 |
March 30 |
Faculty has racial slur written on office hours card. |
Cheryl Armstrong returned to her office on Friday, March 25 to find the word "Nigger" written on her office hour card. Campus police took a report of the incident. "Racial Slur May Stem From Dropped Class," The Daily Titan. |
1977 |
May 18 |
Black students feel faculty less inclined to care or help them. |
Black students at CSUF reported that faculty did not care about them or go out of their way to help them as students. Jesse Tyler, president of the Black fraternity Omega Psi Phi, commented, "A lot of instructors on campus seem to feel, in a sense, 'Why should I help you guys? What can you offer society? I wouldn't want you living down the street from me!’" Dr. John Bedell of the Faculty Council expressed surprise and doubt over the complaints. "If students feel faculty members see them as being disadvantaged, they may act accordingly. The question is, in whose head is the whole thing starting?" Everett Winters, director of the Affirmative Action program on campus, confirmed the tensions and the basis for complaints. He noted that the recent Bakke vs UC Davis case "set back Affirmative Action" and helped to spread misconceptions about Affirmative Action and minority students. "CSUF and Racial Bias: Tensions Still Felt," The Daily Titan. |
1977 |
August 21 |
Orange County NAACP sponsors awareness rally in Santa Ana. |
The Orange County NAACP sponsored an "Awareness Rally" on August 30 at the Santa Ana First Mission Baptist Church. Speakers included Judge Marvine Weeks of the West Orange County Municipal Court and the chapter's new president David Howard. David Howard was a Santa Ana police officer, former Marine who served in Vietnam, and a member of the County Mental Health Advisory Board. The NAACP chapter's membership was 800 people and 25% of the members were not Black. "NAACP to Sponsor 'Awareness Rally'," The Los Angeles Times. |
1977 |
August 22 |
Merit Commission investigating dismissal of Westminster officer DeHaas to issue ruling. |
The Merit Commission for the city of Westminster investigated the dismissal of Officer Han DeHaas by Police Chief Robert Bonnet in March 1976 and whether he could be reinstated. The investigation lasted ten days and was done in secrecy. Indeed, the reason why DeHaas was terminated was never made public and the hearings were not public on DeHaas' request. When the ruling was decided against DeHaas' reinstatement two weeks later, he issued a formal resignation. Although the hearings were not open to the public, several citizens complained about his use of excessive force in "several incidents." The most recent example occurred in December 1976 when he shot and wounded a man during a family disturbance call. "Panel's Ruling on Officer's Dismissal Expected Soon," Los Angeles Times. |
1977 |
October 10 |
Bakke decision protested by campus organizations. |
Different groups on campus protested the Bakke decision on October 12 at noon in the quad including organizations from other places including Western State, UC Irvine, Chapman College, and Fullerton College. "Campus Minorities to Protest 'Bakke'," The Daily Titan. |
1977 |
October 13 |
Minority publication, The Realtor, published for the first time on campus. |
The Relator was published for the first time the week of October 6 at CSUF. It was founded by Harrison Chastang and included articles by minorities for minorities. Chastang explained the newspaper, "We're not in competition with the Daily Titan, only we cover things the DT doesn't. We have a different audience, perspective and vocational needs that aren't met." The newspaper came out twice a month and was funded through advertisements and donations, not university funds. "Blacks Form Own Paper," The Daily Titan. |
1977 |
October 26 |
Black Music Ensemble organized on campus. |
CSUF instructor Stan Breckenridge organized the Black Music Ensemble composed of about thirty people. Their music focused on "Black-American" idioms like jazz, soul, blues, and spirituals. The Ensemble gave a presentation to Fullerton residents at the Fullerton Public Library on November 1 at 7:45 PM. "Black Music Ensemble," The Daily Titan. |
1977 |
October 27 |
Wrongful lawsuit against Santa Ana Police Department filed by parents of George Charrette. |
Donald and Pamela Charrette filed a wrongful lawsuit against the Santa Ana Police Department and the three officers involved in the shooting of their 20-year-old son George on February 15 when officers responded to a breaking and entering call at 2510 S. Artesia Street. A neighbor reported seeing two men enter the residence. Officers attempted to arrest Charrette and a friend, and according to the police report, Officer Schick's gun went off, shooting George in the head. The Charrettes sought five million dollars in damages. "Parents Sue Police in Fatal Shooting," Los Angeles Times. |
1977 |
November 14 |
Santa Ana City Council settles discrimination suit. |
By a unanimous vote, the Santa Ana City Council voted to pay $310,000 in plaintiff attorney fees, potential back-pay claims, and other expenses incurred in the suit against the city by the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC). LULAC brought the lawsuit in 1974 and charged that "the city was discriminatory against Spanish-speaking applicants in hiring police officers and fire officers." The out-of-court settlement saw the city set aside up to $150,000 for attorney fees. It also put $100,000 aside for back-pay claims. "Council Settles Hiring Practices Suit. Discrimination Alleged in Filling Santa Ana Police Fire Jobs," Los Angeles Times. |
1977 |
November 20 |
Orange County Human Relations Commission continues to face backlash from area cities. |
The Orange County Human Relations Commission once again faced backlash from the cities of Orange County after moving beyond Santa Ana and its immediate environs and looking into Anaheim, Brea, Huntington Beach, Placentia, and Stanton. The opposition rallied around a proposal that would tie the hands of the commission-- setting up tougher restrictions on when the commission could intervene, publish findings, and make complaints to federal and other agencies (a proposal advanced by two of the most disgruntled cities under the commission's purview, Anaheim and Santa Ana). The history of the commission included both crisis points and high points. Crisis points included the Placentia riots of 1972 and the 1973 shooting of Miguel Ronquillo in Fountain Valley; the high points included a mediation between Garden Grove and a coalition of gay leaders over police harassment of the city's gay bars. "Foes of Human Relations Panel Resume Siege," Los Angeles Times. |
1977 |
December 13 |
Black sororities aim to find members at CSUF. |
There were two Black sororities hoping to find members at CSUF - Zeta Phi Beta and Delta Sigma Theta. The goal was to start chapters at CSUF. "Black Sororities Attempting to Form CSUF Chapters," The Daily Titan. |
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1978 |
March 7 |
20th Ebony magazine fashion show held at Anaheim Sheraton. |
Ebony Magazine celebrated its 20th fashion show at the Anaheim Sheraton Hotel. "Ebony Fashion Fair Slated," The Daily Titan. |
1978 |
March 9 |
Philosophy Symposium notes the neglect of minority students in schools. |
On March 8, CSUF held its 8th annual Philosophy Symposium and its theme in 1978 was "Education in a Disillusioned World." The event was sponsored by the Philosophy Club, the Philosophy Department, and the Department Association Council. One presenter was Mr. Alfred Moore, who worked as a consultant to the Los Angeles Unified School District. Moore noted that minority students were ignored in substandard and overcrowded schools, and the neglect mirrored local societal values. Specifically, because of the lack of role models and the poor conditions in which minority students were educated, these children were taught that success resulted in being deferential to white people. "Black Pupils Ignored in School," The Daily Titan. |
1978 |
March 22 |
Recommendation by Santa Ana Police Department to fire Officer Caro. |
The SAPD recommended that Officer Robert Caro be fired because he submitted a false police report on another officer alleging excessive force. Caro declared his firing stemmed from a complaint he made about discrimination on the force that he filed with the State Employment Practices Commission. Caro also submitted a complaint about an excessive use of force in mid-January, but the Santa Ana Police Department investigated and deemed his complaint "had no substance." According to Captain Gene Hansen, this complaint of discrimination was the first he heard of in his 18 years of service with the SAPD. "Santa Ana Seeks to Fire Officer," Los Angeles Times. |
1978 |
March 26 |
Real Estate agents have licenses revoked for discriminatory practices. |
The state Department of Real Estate (DRE) revoked the licenses of two realtors: one in Tustin and one in Van Nuys. In Tustin, salesperson James Allen Corl and broker Donald Wayne Young. According to Director David H. Fox of the DRE, "Both appear to have deliberately discriminated against black individuals while involved in the sale of residential real estate." Corl, specifically, acted in "a persistent pattern of discrimination aimed at preventing a black family from purchasing a home loan restraints." Corl allegedly did not allow an appraiser to enter the property. "Race Bias Counts Levied Against 2," Los Angeles Times. |
1978 |
April 22 |
Dispute over proposed new Santa Ana police facilities taken to Fresno. |
Santa Ana's new police department, if built on a two-block site at Santa Ana Boulevard and Flower Street, would displace over 250 people and 40 buildings in a neighborhood known as Artesia Pilar Neighbors (APN). APN travelled north to make their case directly to a meeting in Fresno of the state Criminal Justice Council, which was chaired by SA Police Chief Ray Davis. Unfortunately, Davis left the meeting before the APN group could state their case. Councilman Brandt disputed whether or not the construction would take place on the proposed site, noting there were several sites under consideration. "Santa Ana Group Takes Case to Fresno," Los Angeles Times. |
1978 |
May 5 |
Paul Robeson tribute planned as part of Black Culture Week. |
Students planned a tribute to Paul Robeson as part of the Black Culture Week Celebration. Frances Williams, a personal friend to Robeson, gave a presentation in the UC Theater. "Black Awakening Week Scheduled," The Daily Titan. |
1978 |
June 15 |
Black girl support group started by Adleane Hunter. |
Adleane Hunter began a group for Black girls in Orange County after discovering the need for it in her own home in Fullerton. One day, her seven-year-old daughter Chrystal came home with questions that rightfully disturbed her. "She spends a lot of her time in an all-white environment. I was disturbed when she started coming home a couple of years ago and asking why she wasn't white. Why her hair wasn't blonde. Complaining that the boys didn't like her because she was black." Hunter created a support group called Essence 7 which included five Black women and two White women who were married to Black men and lived in Fullerton, Garden Grove, Santa Ana, and Laguna Beach. All of the women were mothers with Black children living in a predominantly white world and did not want their children to develop a poor self-image. One of the other mothers was Fran Williams, a child psychologist, who noted there were fewer opportunities for girls to develop a positive self-image. Williams stated, "I don't see boys going through what girls do in this respect. I think it's because society conditions little girls to look good - to think of their worth in terms of how pretty they are.....That's why it is important for their daughters to get together with other black girls -- to share problems, dreams and ambitions." Essence 7 was founded in 1976 and had nine girls. It was a huge success as nine-year-old Valerie Hunter expressed, "We're like a family. We're all good friends. I mean, I like my other friends from school. I like them, too. But the blackness, I think, is good. When we get together, we can let out true feelings out." "Girls Find Essence of Black: Black Girls in All-White Scene Black Girls Find Help in Essence 7," Los Angeles Times. |
1978 |
June 18 |
Anaheim Police Association takes confidence vote in police Chief. |
A vote of confidence in Police Chief Harold Bastrup was taken by the Anaheim Police Association due to allegations that he treated officers like scout troops/children, removed access to certain weapons, and put them in increasingly dangerous situations without corresponding pay raises. Bastrup disagreed and claimed to be improving policing and the area. "Anaheim Police Department: A Case of Dissension," Los Angeles Times. |
1978 |
September 26 |
Due to strike threat, Santa Ana City Council vote to approve pay raises for city workers. |
The Santa Ana City Council unhappily voted to approve a pay raise for city workers on the threat of a strike by the SAPD. The improvement in pay would affect a thousand employees and represented a five percent increase in each employee's salary. Despite a mandate by Santa Ana voters for a decrease in city spending, the city council and mayor felt they had no choice due to the threat of a strike. Mayor Vernon Evans noted, "The worst of it is that I don't think this is in the best interests of the majority of people in Santa Ana, who had given us a (cost-cutting) mandate." Councilman Gordon Bricken elaborated, "I think it is morally wrong for the police association -- and they are the real militant ones in this whole thing -- to put the people in Santa Ana in this position. It was the police association and its outside counsel that dreamed up this whole strike scheme. It was like putting a gun to our heads, like being in some banana republic with the military telling civilians what to do." "Santa Ana Oks Pay Pact for City Workers: Police, Fire, Other Employees," Los Angeles Times. |
1978 |
October 5 |
Grand Jury probe of Anaheim police brutality sought. |
Leaders of the People for Community Development announced that they would mount a petition drive to get signatures to present its case of alleged police brutality and harassment to the grand jury. "Chicanos Seek Grand Jury Probe of Police Action," Los Angeles Times. |
1978 |
October 13 |
Orange County Grand Jury to investigate charges of Anaheim police brutality. |
The Orange County Grand Jury agreed to investigate charges of police brutality and harassment at Little People's Park in Anaheim on July 30. Police responded to a phone call that "shots had been fired from a car passing through the neighborhood." However, when the police arrived, they treated everyone as potential gunmen and sprayed people with mace and hit them with batons. The event led residents to form the People for Community Development. Although the district attorney decided not to charge the police with anything, the grand jury agreed to investigate. Although the district attorney did not charge the police, he criticized the actions of the police that day and said, "There were two incidents which appeared to clearly present a situation where the application of force by the officers was improper. In those two incidents, existing evidence indicates there was no provocation that would warrant the use of force. Witnesses said that the two complaining parties were struck with police batons....However, since the incident occurred at night, and the officers were wearing helmets, jackets and dark uniforms, witnesses could not make any identification of the person or persons responsible for the act." The police department was 300 feet from the park and the use of force on Mexican-American youth seemed overkill. "Grand Jury to Investigate Barrio Park Incident," Los Angeles Times. |
1978 |
October 31 |
Police Chief cooperative with Grand Jury probe. |
Police Chief Harold Bastrup welcomed a grand jury probe of the Little People's Park incident in response to a letter from the People for Community Development, which charged the police with brutality and harassment. "Chief Offers Aid in Grand Jury Probe," Los Angeles Times. |
1978 |
December 2 |
Civil rights class-action lawsuit against Anaheim government and police officials seeks punitive and compensatory damages. |
Anaheim government and police officials were accused of misconduct and harassment of Mexican-Americans in a class-action civil rights lawsuit. Allegations centered around a police altercation with Mexican-Americans in Anaheim's Little People's Park, and the suit was filed on behalf of the "three Spanish-surname" men by the ACLU of SoCal and the Mexican-American Bar Association of Orange County. The suit sought punitive and compensatory damages for injuries sustained in the park, as well as written guidelines by the police on the use of force when making arrests in a crowd and the use of dispersal orders. "Suit Alleges Harassment of Latins by Anaheim Police," Los Angeles Times. |
1978 |
December 2 |
Class action civil rights lawsuit brought against Anaheim government and police officials. |
Anaheim government and police officials were accused of misconduct and harassment of Mexican-Americans in a class action civil rights lawsuit. Allegations centered around police altercations with Mexican-Americans in Anaheim's Little People's Park, and a lawsuit was filed on behalf of the "three Spanish-surname" men by the ACLU of SoCal and the Mexican-American Bar Association of Orange County; it alleged that Mexican-Americans in Anaheim lived in fear due to police harassment. The suit sought punitive and compensatory damages for injuries sustained in the park and written guidelines by the police on the use of force when making arrests in a crowd and the use of dispersal orders. Anaheim City Attorney William Hopkins was unwilling to comment on the complaint until it was officially filed. "Anaheim Latins 'Live in Fear,' Lawsuit States," Los Angeles Times. |
1978 |
December 2 |
Police Chief denies report that tourist areas of Anaheim drawing increased prostitution. |
APD Police Chief Harold Bastrup denied rumors that the number of pimps and prostitutes had increased in the tourist and convention areas near Disneyland and the hotel strip. "Irate Anaheim Police Chief Denies Prostitution Report," Los Angeles Times. |
1978 |
December 4 |
Police office argues that confidence in force eroded after Little People's Park incident. |
Sgt. Jon Beteag claimed in a letter that politicians and the media eroded public confidence in the APD after the Little People's Park Incident. Sgt. Bastrup agreed with Beteag that police needed to defend themselves from allegations but did not agree with the "strong language" used by Beteag. ACLU attorney Meir Westreich said that Beteag's letter "shows the relationship between the Mexican-American community and the Anaheim Police Department is essentially a combat relationship." "People's Park Incident Fuels Officer's Anger," Los Angeles Times. |
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1979 |
February 14 |
Black students claim to have no role models in the communications department. |
Minorities in Communication reported that minority students would benefit from having a professor who was Black. Black students did not have role models in their professors. Communications professor Dr. Rick Pullen commiserated but noted few Blacks had PhDs in Communications and that that was the requirement for being a professor in the CSUs. "No Encouragement. Comm. Dept. Not Helpful, Blacks Say," The Daily Titan. |
1979 |
February 22 |
BSU has membership of over 500. |
There were over 500 students in the Black Student Union which was led by President Jerry King. The primary goal of the organization was to provide student support with college life. The BSU also wanted more "black faculty and staff" to be hired. "BSU Provides Help, Eases ‘Culture Shock’," The Daily Titan. |
1979 |
February 22 |
Anaheim Police complaint unit set to be opened by ACLU. |
The ACLU was set to open a first-of-its-kind, bilingual center to handle complaints of alleged police misconduct in Anaheim. The center's purpose was twofold: to monitor police conduct during then-current ACLU class-action civil rights litigation against the police and to provide assistance to those who wished to lodge complaints of "heavy-handed tactics" against police but were either reluctant to go to the police or did not know how. "ACLU Will Open Anaheim Police Complaint Unit," Los Angeles Times. |
1979 |
March 6 |
Afro-ethnic department makes a move to become full-fledged academic department. |
In a move that would help the Afro-ethnic department become a full-fledged academic department, Professor Namasaka submitted a proposal to the Curriculum Committee for the course "Survey of Ethnic Relations in American Civilizations." Both American studies and the history departments challenged the course. Dr. John Ibson of American studies argued ethnicity was not a substantive field of study, and Dr. Thomas Flickerma from history challenged the proposal’s inclusion of women in the proposed course. “Flickerma said that women are not necessarily considered an ethnic minority." “Afro Department Proposes Change," The Daily Titan. |
1979 |
March 7 |
Little People's Park case officially closed by Anaheim. |
The mayor officially announced the Little People’s Park investigation closed after the district attorney and grand jury, while critical of police procedure, were unable to find sufficient evidence to prosecute anyone. The replacement police chief declared that reopening case would be "fruitless." "Anaheim Officially Closes Little People's Park Case," Los Angeles Times. |
1979 |
March 28 |
Essence 7 sponsors Ebony fashion show. |
Essence 7 sponsored a fashion show at the South Coast Plaza Hotel, and proceeds for the event benefitted the United Brotherhood Crusade. Essence 7 was a mother-daughter club and the event was organized by Adleane Hunter. This traveling fashion show from Ebony Magazine highlighted 200 garments from designers like Anne Klein, Halston, and Givenchy. The event was scheduled for March 29 and started at 8:00 PM. Tickets were available at the door. "Ebony Fashion Show Scheduled," Los Angeles Times. |
1979 |
May 3 |
Five black Greek organizations represented on campus. |
There were five of seven national Black fraternities and sororities on campus. Phi Beta Sigma was the first Black fraternity established at CSUF and was chartered April 16, 1976. The goal of each organization was to help its members deal with a predominantly white campus. However, each group had yet to form connections with other groups, though there was desire among them to meet. Sherry Foreman of the sorority Zeta Phi Beta admitted, "It is hard for black sororities and fraternities to socialize in a white atmosphere and vice versa." “Black Greeks Have Their Own Tradition," The Daily Titan. |
1979 |
July 13 |
Anaheim police station set to be picketed over push to have psychological testing of officers. |
Members of People for Community Development were set to picket the police station a second time in order to force the chief to meet with them to discuss psychological testing of officers-- the desire for such testing was in response to a grand jury recommendation that came from the investigation of the Little People's Park incident. "Hispanic Group to Again Picket Anaheim Police," Los Angeles Times. |
1979 |
July 20 |
Santa Ana Police officer accused of kidnapping 20 year old Maurice Ibarra. |
Twenty-year-old Maurice Ibarra alleged that Santa Ana Police Officer John Mangiaracina kidnapped him from one part of Santa Ana and left him in a more violence-prone area on June 20. Ibarra's case caught the attention of Jess Araujo, president of the Orange County Mexican-American Bar Association, and he requested an investigation into the officer. He also requested that the officer be reassigned while the investigation was ongoing. Police Chief Raymond Davis responded, "Because under the peace officers bill of rights I really can't say anything but he is on assignment now, or I should say he is still working with the department." Araujo described Ibarra as "clean-cut" and "very courteous" and an unlikely gang member. In an affidavit, Ibarra relayed what happened to him: He was playing handball when Officer Mangiaracina approached him and took his wallet from his back pocket without asking. The officer looked at his identification and gave the wallet back. He left but returned 15 minutes later. Ibarra alleged the officer said, "Hey, vato [guy], where did you go?" Ibarra responded that he went to play handball but was ushered into the police car after the officer said, "You've been playing your games, now you're going to play mine." He then drove Ibarra from El Salvador Park to Rosita Park. Ibarra alleged that the officer left him there after stating to him, "Wait. Let's see someone from Santa Ana killed someone from 5th St. I think I'll take you there." Mangiaracina lost his job from the SAPD and was charged with unlawful detention. His trial ended in a hung jury, which allowed him to try to claim his job back. "Youth Accuses Officer of Kidnapping Him: Officer Accused," Los Angeles Times. |
1979 |
August 10 |
Fullerton Police Department presented with demands after stabbing death of Chicano youth two years prior. |
Mexican-Americans living in the Valencia/Highland area of Fullerton presented three demands to the FPD out of fear over rising crime and the alleged harassment of the police on Chicano youth. Two years prior, a 24-year-old was stabbed by teenagers, and since then, the police stepped up enforcing the curfew; others alleged it was harassment of teenagers. A meeting was held for the Maple Action Committee where Chief Hairabedian and Mayor Louis Velasquez were given the three requests which included: 1) Psychological testing for police officers; 2) Community say in who could police their neighborhoods; 3) The improvement of how police identifications were displayed. Those in the neighborhood charged that six police officers would show up for stops where one police officer would suffice. Chief Hairabedian was open to potential psychological testing of job candidates but shot down the need for clearer identification on the police and the right for a community to select which officers policed it. "Chicano Community Presents 3 Demands. Stabbing Death Sparks Concern Over Police Practices," Los Angeles Times. |
1979 |
August 23 |
Fullerton Police change officer complaint policy. |
Fullerton Police followed APD's lead and changed its policy about officer complaints. This change came in part because Jose and Joyce Garcia disputed how FPD summarized their complaint and would not let them write it out on their own. Instead, the police submitted a paragraph that contradicted what the Garcias reported. "The typewritten police report, which the Garcias had never seen, was an important piece of evidence at the trial. Jurors apparently believed it more than Joyce Garcia's recollection of what she and her husband said." "Fullerton Police Establish New Complaints Procedure," Los Angeles Times. |
1979 |
September 5 |
Gene Wiese to be paid $250,000 by the city of Westminster in police brutality lawsuit. |
Westminster agreed to pay Gene Wiese $250,000 after it was determined that Officer Hans DeHaas used excessive force on him in July. Wiese suffered brain and back injuries so severe that he could no longer work as a roofing foreman. DeHaas responded to a disturbance at Wiese's home and in the process of arguing with him over the arrest of the intruder, DeHaas beat Wiese severely, then arrested him for resisting arrest. Wiese was taken to the UCI Medical Center for his injuries. The beating was witnessed by several neighbors who gave depositions. "City to Pay $250,000 in Police Brutality Lawsuit," Los Angeles Times. |
1979 |
October 12 |
California Supreme Court rejects ability of private citizens' prosecution in making allegations of police conduct. |
On May 5, Cerritos couple Jose and Joyce Garcia stopped at a Fullerton service station and alleged they observed an "unnecessarily brutal" arrest of a Black man and the participation of six Fullerton police officers in the event. That same day they filed a complaint over what they witnessed with the FPD. The FPD denied the charges and countercharged the Garcias with filing a false police report. The couple was tried and convicted on August 3, but an appeals ruling allowed the Garcias a new trial. Before the new trial moved forward, the California Supreme Court made the issue moot: It declared that private citizens could not be prosecuted for making allegations of police misconduct. It was an important ruling in California and affected similar cases in Orange County and Los Angeles County. "Couple's Ordeal Ends as Court Rejects Prosecution in Complaints Against the Police," Los Angeles Times. |
1979 |
December 20 |
Out of court settlement issued in Santa Ana police brutality complaint. |
Walter Snyder alleged that on June 10, 1976, Officer Robert C. Bailey beat and kicked him before arresting him for public drunkenness. Bailey was set to go on trial in the US District Court in Los Angeles in March, but a $50,000 out-of-court settlement was announced. A police department spokesperson noted that the settlement did not indicate guilt or innocence, and although Bailey resigned from the department last fall, his leaving the department was not connected to the charge of police brutality. "Police Brutality Complaint Brings $50,000 Settlement. Man, Others Claim He Was Beaten and Kicked During Drunkenness Arrest in Santa Ana Tavern," Los Angeles Times. |
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1980 |
February 15 |
Santa Ana Police Chief speaks publicly of impact of officer involved kidnapping. |
Santa Ana Police Chief Raymond C. Davis spoke out about the actions of former police officer John Mangiaracina who allegedly kidnapped 21-year-old Maurice Ibarra from El Salvador Park and left him at Rosita Park in June 1979. Davis discussed the five-year efforts of the Community Oriented Police program to build community relations with the Latino community and the police. Mangiaracina lost his job and was tried in a case that ended in a hung jury for unlawful detention. On February 15, there was a hearing to reinstate Mangiaracina to his position, but many members of the community and his former force expressed reservations. "Maurice Ibarra Incident. Chief Says Officer's Act 'Tore Down' Public Trust," Los Angeles Times. |
1980 |
March 21 |
Eldridge Cleaver speaks to students about the need for peace. |
Eldridge Cleaver spoke at CSUF on March 23 about the need for peace. This was an about-face to his position 12 years prior after seven years in exile. Cleaver was now a born-again Christian, but it did not stop the urgency in his call for peace between white and Black Americans. "People should take a pledge against violence in solving their problems. They should not use violence as a problem-solving tool." Cleaver fled the country after a shoot-out in Oakland in 1968. In 1975, he returned and was on probation. “Cleaver Speaks of Peace, Change," The Daily Titan. |
1980 |
April 15 |
Black Cultural Week celebrated on campus. |
CSUF celebrated Black Cultural Week with a march to honor Martin Luther King, Jr. and speakers, music, and poetry. The Orange County NAACP, Prayer Warriors from Santa Ana, faculty from Western States Research Center, and the BSU all contributed to the success of the week. The play "for colored girls who have considered suicide / when the rainbow is enuf" was performed by actors from Santa Ana in the University Center Theater. The Western State Research Center loaned films by Black people for a film festival; 19 films were shown. “Culture Week Activities Kick Off With King Walk," The Daily Titan. |
1980 |
May 16 |
Santa Ana Police charged with brutality by
disabled Veteran. |
James Bufford charged the SAPD with police brutality and civil rights violations for their actions against him on February 6. Bufford was paralyzed from the waist down and used a wheelchair. He alleged that SAPD officers followed him home after he visited a friend. "He said they told him, 'Get out of the truck, nigger,' and 'If you're not disabled now, you will be when we are done with you.'" Bufford filed a claim for damages with the Santa Ana city clerk and his attorney filed a complaint in Los Angeles with the FBI. Santa Ana Police Captain Chuck Miller denied Bufford's charges but indicated they would investigate the matter. Miller countercharged that the encounter was by the book and Bufford was the hostile one. Bufford responded that their account was not accurate, and the police "dumped" him in jail and that he received no medical care despite having a fractured wrist from the arrest. Bufford was charged with disorderly conduct, but the case was thrown out by the district attorney "in the interest of justice." "Disabled Veteran Claims Santa Ana Police Beat Him: Police Brutality Charged," Los Angeles Times. |
